2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案.doc

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1、2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案2021年考研英语(一)真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the follog te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily e_ercise precious to health.” But _some claim

2、s to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _heart rate and o_ygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _, a good laugh is unlikely to have _benefits the way, say,

3、 walking or jogging does._, instead of straining muscles to build them, as e_ercise does, laughter arently acplishes the _, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter.muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help_the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing prob

4、ably does produce other types of _feedback,that improve an individuals emotional state._one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _they are sad but they bee sad when te tears begin to flow

5、.Although sadness also _tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _muscular responses.In an e_periment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.1Aamong Be_cept Cdespite Dlike 2Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce 3Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining 4Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Do

6、bserve 5Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable 6AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief 7Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage De_pected 8Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drela_es 9Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance 10Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious Dinternal 11AE_cept for BAccording to CDue to DA

7、s for 12Awith Bon Cin Dat 13Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause 14Ae_hausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses 15Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond 16Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold 17Adisointed Be_cited Cjoyful Dindifferent 18Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted 19Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing 20AEventually B

8、Consequently CSimilarly DConversely Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the follog four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Te_t 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its n

9、e_t music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his ointment in 2021.For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.“Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why th

10、e ointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is paratively little known.Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts ointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the ne_t music director of an orchest

11、ra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesti

12、ng positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my puter and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no subst

13、itute for live performance are missing the point.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must pete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater panies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 2

14、0th century.There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in

15、 the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted: Ale_ Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is

16、 capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely e_panding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between A

17、mericas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts ointment has Aincurred criticism.Braised suspicion.Creceived acclaim.Daroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is Ainfluential.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23.The author be

18、lieves that the devoted concertgoers Aignore the e_penses of live performances.Breject most kinds of recorded performances.Ce_aggerate the variety of live performances.Doverestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the te_t, which of the follog is true of recordings? AThey are often in

19、ferior to live concerts in quality.BThey are easily accessible to the general public.CThey help improve the quality of music.DThey have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels Adoubtful.Benthusiastic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.Te_t 2 When Liam

20、 McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his e_planation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his e_it in the usual vague e_cuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a pany.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” Mc

21、Gee says.Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run.It also sent a clear messag

22、e to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No.2 e_ecutives at Avon and American E_press quit with the e_planation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, e_ecutives who dont get the no

23、d also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a .In the third quarter, CEO turnover wa

24、s down 23 from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years e_ecutives and headhunters ha

25、ve adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” Those who jumped without a job havent always lande

26、d in positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Inter-based modities e_change.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 20_5 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial i

27、nstitution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.

28、“The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.” 26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being Aarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2, senior e_ecutives quitting may be spurred by Atheir e_pectation of better f

29、inancial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means Aroved of.Battended to.Chunted for.Dguarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph

30、that A performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of performers is getting out-dated.C performers care more about reputations.Dits safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the follog is the best title for the te_t? ACEOs: Where to Go? BCEOs: All the Way Up? C Managers Jump without a

31、 DThe Only Way Out for Performers Te_t 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional “paid” media such as television mercials and print advertisements still play a major role, panies today can e_ploit many alternative forms of media.Cons

32、umers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now roach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their

33、 own products.For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses.But in some cases, one marketers owned media bee another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-merce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so st

34、rong that other organizations place their content or e-merce engines within that environment.This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson Johnson, for e_le, has created Bab

35、yCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes plementary and even petitive products.Besides generating ine, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives panies opportunities to learn valuable information about the eal of other panies marketing, and may help e_pand user

36、traffic for all panies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) munications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked

37、media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or caign bees hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social works, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to ly pressure on the businesses that originally

38、 created them.If that hens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target pany at risk.In such a case, the panys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor, for e_le, alleviate

39、d some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response caign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are A obsc

40、ssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about remending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature A a safe business environment.B random peti

41、tion.C strong user traffic.D fle_ibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media A invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer petition.D deserve all the negative ments ab

42、out them.34.Toyota Motors e_perience is cited as an e_le of A responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the follog is the te_t mainly about ? A Alternatives to conv

43、entional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Te_t 4 Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter nothing gets people tal

44、king like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a pletely fulfilling, life-enriching e_perience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either hy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine hiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by momen

45、t-to-moment joy, we should consider being hy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day e_perience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment den our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” The magazine cove

46、r shog an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive and newly single mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news.Practically every week features at least one ce

47、lebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesnt seem quite fair, then, to pare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are