【高中英语】阅读理解解题技巧公开课课件(共2个).ppt
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1、英语高考专题,阅读理解之,主旨大意题解题技巧,I.教学目标,了解教学背景:高考阅读题分析;主旨题型分类:1)文章主旨;2)文章标题; 3)段落主旨;3.通过做练习,了解各种解题技巧;4. 在做阅读练习题中能灵活运用各技巧。,这几年高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查,听力,阅读,写作,完型填空,语法填空,无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性,所以在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力,得阅读者得英语!,II.新高考分析,III.语篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passage,1主旨大意题型特点与命题方式,题型特点 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及
2、在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,对文章进行高度概括或总结,属于高层次题。,阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类,主旨题,标题类,文章主旨,段落主旨,标题类试题常见的题干形式,(1) The best title for this passage is .(2) The suitable headline for this passage may be(3) The title that best expresses t
3、he idea of the passage is .(4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?,(体现概括性, 避免远离主题),2. 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式,(1) What is the passage mainly about?(2) The passage talks about .(3) The passage tells us that .(4) This passage mainly deals with .(5) Whats the main idea / topic of the p
4、assage?,(体现全面性, 避免以偏概全),3. 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式,(1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that .(2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?(3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one?(4) Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?,(体现针对性, 避免张冠李戴),2分类解读下面结合试
5、题,谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。(1)标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。 文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子。它的特点是:短小精悍,多为一短语;涵盖性强,一般要求能覆盖全文,其确定的范围要恰当,既不能太大,也不能太小;精确性强,不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。,练习1 In the animal kingdom,weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness br
6、ings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me,pour cream into my coffee,or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy. From my wheelchair experience,I see the best in people,but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independe
7、nt miss the kindness I see daily. Last month,when I was driving home on a busy highway,I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed. No more angry shouts and no more horns! When I put
8、on my flashlights,.But instead of getting impatient and angry,they waited,knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak. Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often,it would be better if we dont pr
9、etend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.(2011广东卷),30Which of the following is the best title for the passage?AA Wheelchair ExperienceBWeakness and KindnessCWeakness and StrengthDA Driving Experience,【解析】B由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings ou
10、t the kindness in people可知正确答案为B,归纳总结:文章标题的选择或拟定:第一,要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;第二,再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何;第三,要注意题目是过大还是过小;第四,要避免下列三种错误:一是概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体,从而导致范围太小);二是过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);三是以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。,2)主旨大意类做此类题目时,首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意,可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉,进行综合归纳,概括文章的主题。如有标题,标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外,任何一篇文章都是围绕某
11、个主题展开的,因此,许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。抓住了它,便容易抓住文章的中心。,解题技巧,技巧一:寻找主题句,确定文章主题,技巧二: 抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想,技巧三: 找高频词,技巧一:寻找主题句,确定文章主题,新闻报道,导语提携全文,议论文,总-分-总,(论点论据结论),说明文,主题句,(首中尾),记叙文,记叙文六要素,识别文体,通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:,(较常见),(较少见),(较常见),如何寻找主题句,Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that
12、they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a
13、 hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,(1)主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文,科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class
14、. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,(2)主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of
15、the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,(3)在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题, 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释,
16、支撑或发展.,练习2Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies h
17、ave shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,议论文总-分-总,55What is the main idea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancerB. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness) C
18、. smoking also can cause other health problemsD. smoking is harmful.,D,4)无主题句,即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句,必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑、综合分析,然后找出共同的东西,归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。,练习3 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the Univ
19、ersity of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, mo
20、ved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.,detail,detail,detail,技巧二: 从段落中归纳要点抓大意,理清线索.,寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心
21、的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。,练习4 There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power. First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the containers used for the trans
22、port of the materials are not. Normally, only two methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas. Second, there is the problem of waste. All nuclea
23、r power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried under the ground, or drop
24、ped into deserted mines, or sunk in the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the containers.,Third, there may occur the danger of a leak (泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two dangers, this is not very likely, so it do
25、es not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. However, it can happen. Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high.()What is the passage about?AUses of nuclear power.BDangers from nuclear
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