定语从句详细讲解及练习(共15页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上定语从句详细讲解及练习一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 关系副词有：when, where, why. 对于

2、定语从句的理解：1.定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词2.被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份。 可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并。如果两个句子有交叉（相同）部分，则可以把这个交叉的部分做成被修饰成份，构成一个含有定语从句的句子，如：原句： my younger brother is an artist, and he is good at Chinese art.my younger brother who is good at Chinese art is an artist.The firemen havent managed to put out the fir

3、e, the fire broke out at 5 a.m.The firemen havent managed to put out the fire which broke out at 5 a.m.The president will visit our school, and it is very exciting.The president will visit our school, which is very exciting.二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 一句话语法：关系代词在从句中先行词，whose除外，whose先行词所有格1 作主语用who, which和

4、that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 在非正式英语中可省略 The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week? 3作定语用whose, whose在定语从句中先行词的所有格 (a) He is the

5、man whose car was stolen last week. （whose=the mans）(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.(whose=the meetings) 注 whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，指物时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)

6、 Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. （二）关系副词的用法： 一句话语法：关系副词在从句中介词+先行词1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night,

7、 week, year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. （when=at the time）Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： every/each time, the moment/minute/instant. the dayEach time he came, he did his best to help us. The day I met my best fri

8、end for the first time, I was full of anger. 2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如： This is the hotel where they are staying. （where=at the hotel）I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 注：where有时也可以省略。特别是先行词为place时，但其它词不提倡省略： This is the place (wher

9、e) we met yesterday. 3 why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 注：why时常也可以省略。但高中语法不提倡使用： That is the real reason he did it(此句是对的,但最好还是加个why). (三) 使用关系词应注意下列几点： 1.关系词在从句中的地位是代替先行词的，关系代词which,that,who,whom先行词，关系代词whose=先行词的所有格，关系副词where=介词+先行词。所以从句中再不能出现先行词或代表先行词的名词或代词，

10、若出现就会句式杂糅e.g. This is a dictionary which I bought it yesterday.(误)This is the school where I studied at it.(误)2 关系副词可以转换为 介词+关系代词which结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： e.g.I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where

11、 (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 3 关系代词和关系副词的选择,关键看先行词在从句中充当什么成份：a.若充当主语，宾语，表语，定语用关系代词b.若充当状语（时间，地点，原因状语）应用关系副词。C,判断先行词在从句中做何成份可以采取先行词还原法。因为先行词（即被修饰的名词或代词）只可能是一个词，把它还原到从句中去，如果能直接放回去，句子不少词，即先行词在从句中做主语，宾语，或表语,若先行词放回从句中要加一些介词才能使句子通顺，则用关系副

12、词，关系代词whose除外，它在从句相当于先行词后加所有格。所以以后看见先行词是time, day等和place, hous，reason等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，不要盲目地就用关系副词。试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. (when=on the day状语)Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.（which=the days作宾语） His father works in a factory where

13、 radio parts are made.（where=in a factory状语）His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.（which=factory主语）I rent a house whose windows are very large.(whose=houses定语)Is this the reason why you are late?(why=for the reason状语)Is this the reason (which/that) you give me?(which=reason宾语)4

14、when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： This is the telegram which he refers to. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿

15、，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如： This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。 3两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： His brother, who is eighteen y

16、ears old, is a PLA man. （他只有一个兄弟） His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一个兄弟） 4有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如： He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. 注：as和which的区别：as引导的定语从句表示说话人的看法、态度、依据、解释或评论。特点： (1)as用于引导定语从句时，具有“正如、像、由而知”等语义。He was strongly a

17、gainst the plan，as could be expected（正如所料，他强烈反对这项计划。） As he hoped he would，he saw the girl（像他希望的那样，他见到了那个女孩。） (2)as引导的定语从句在语义上一定要顺承主语的意思，认为主句的意思当然，而which可不一定，如果语义不一致，则要用which来替代as。如： He married again，as（which）was natural（他又结婚了，这是自然的。）He married again, which surprised all his friends.(3)当先行词前有such, s

18、o, as修饰时，关系词应当用as： This is the same sum as was spent in that year on private motoring这与那年用于私人汽车所花的费用相同。）He is always such a friendly man as everyone likes.(4)as引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之后，也可放在主句之前。但which只能放在主句之后。如： As we have seen，oceans cover more than 70of the earth（如我们所见，海洋覆盖地球70多的面积。） He seemed a foreign

19、er，which in fact he was(5)as在定语从句中作宾语时，从句的谓语动词常是see watch know hear等表示感知的动词，且谓语动词前带有情态动词can could may等，此外常用的动词还有say tell remember等。如： It was true，as everybody could know（这是真的，大家都知道。） 四关系词的选择 1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。 2 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定

20、语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 3 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：

21、 (1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours. (2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如： We heard clearly every word that he said.

22、(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如： The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. (4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如： Is that the best that you can do? Thats the most expensive hotel that weve ever stay

23、ed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read. (5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find. (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. She de

24、scribed in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. (7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? 4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that： (1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。

25、如： Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.) (2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the

26、proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。如： He that promises too much means nothing. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如： Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? (4) 在分隔式定语从句(定从被与先行词隔开的定语从句)中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。A new master will came tomorrow who will t

27、each you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. I was the only person in my office who was invited. (5) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用who.The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.(6) 在there be 开头的句子中There is an old man who wan

28、ts to see you.There are many young men who are against him.5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，只用that不用who(m) (1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this? (2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has

29、 ever lived. (3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me. 6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。 This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used ye

30、sterday. 这器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have. 这里要注意的是： (1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men. Women received the same pay that men received. (2) 在“the samethat”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变

31、句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. = This is the same instrument I used yesterday. = This is the instrument I used yesterday. 但在“the sameas”结构中，same和as都不能省略。 (3) 当“the samethat”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。 He lives in the same building that I live. = He lives

32、 in the same building as / that I live in. Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He spoke in such easy English as everybody co

33、uld understand. At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely. 另需注意： This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句） This b

34、ook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand (it).（结果状语从句）8. one of + 复数名词+定语从句 的句子的先行词是复数名词the (only) one of + 复数名词+定语从句 的句子的先行词是onee.g. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that ha

35、s beenproduced in Hollywood.9. 注意定语从句的主谓一致性关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom is the only one of the the boys who is from the USA. 10.在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非

36、正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 五介词+关系代词引导的定语从句“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句中较复杂的一种，多用于正式文体中。这类定语从句的关系代词主要有 which， whom，whose 。它们既可引导限定性定语从句，又可引导非限定性定语从句。同学们在学习这种定语从句时要注意以下几种情况： (一)、注意介词的选取 1 根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。如：

37、 Who is the man with whom you just shook hands？ 刚才和你握手的人是谁？ The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms。 马克思不大有把握的两个方面是语法和某些习惯用语。 典型考例 1 In the dark street there wasnt a single person_ she could turn for help。(MET1992) A。 that B。 who C。 from whom D。 to whom 析

38、：答案为 D 。介词 to 和定语从句中的 turn 构成固定搭配 turn to sb。 for help。 意为“向某人求助”。 2 根据定语从句意思的需要，此时不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。如：He had a bad cold， because of which he didnt attend the meeting。 他患了重感冒，因此未能参加会议。 The speed at which the car runs depends on the road condition。这辆车的速度要根据路面状况而定。 典型考例 2 In the office I never seem

39、to have time until after 5:30 p.om，_ many people have got home。 （上海 1995 ） A。 whose time B。 that C。 on which D。 by which 析：答案为 D 。根据句意“到下午 5 ： 30 时，许多人已经到家了”，且定语从句中又用了完成时，故应用介词 by。 3。 根据意思也可用复杂介词，如 by means of ，as a result of， in front of， in the back of ，all of ， most of 等，如： (1) The instrument by

40、means of which the temperature is measured is called thermometer。 用来测量温度的仪器叫温度计。 （ 2 ） There are forty students in the classroom， all of whom are working hard at a problem in mathematics。 教室里有四十个学生，他们都在努力计算一道数学难题。 (二)、注意关系代词的选取 在“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句中，如果关系代词指代事物就用 which; 如果指代人则用 whom; 若表示“的”则用 whose。 1

41、。This is the classroom in which we studied last year。2。There are sixty students in our class， twenty of whom are girls。 3。He lives in a house， whose door opens to the north。典型考例 1 He paid the boy 10 for washing the windows， most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year。(MET1990) A。 those B。 these

42、 C。 that D。 which 典型考例 2 The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief。 （上海 2000 春招） A who B。 about whom C。 whom D。 with whom 析：考例 1 中关系代词指代“窗子”，故用 which， 答案为 D ；考例 2 中关系代词指代人，故用 whom， 它又和后面的 told 构成固定搭配 tell sb。 about sb。/sth。 ，故答案为 B 。 (三)、注意关系代词的替换 1 介词 in， on， at， for 等与关系代词 which 一

43、起引导定语从句时，可与相关的关系副词 when， where， why 等替换。如： (1)America is the country in which George Washington was born。 美国是乔治;华盛顿出生的国家。 (in which 用 where 替换 ) (2)I have forgotten the exact date on which this small country became independent。 我忘了这个国家独立的确切日期了。 (on which 用 when 替换 ) (3)The reason for which he refuse

44、d to go to the party was that they had not invited him to。 他拒绝去赴宴的原因是他没受到他们的邀请。 (for which 用 why 替换 ) 2。 “名词 +of + 关系代词 ” 引导定语从句时，可与相关的关系副词“ whose + 名词”替换。如： (1)I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasnt been done。我要和没完成作业的同学谈话。 (the homework of whom 用 whose homework 替换 ) (2)She lives

45、in the house the windows of which face to the east。她住在一栋窗户朝东的房子里。 (the windows of which 用 whose windows 替换 ) (四)、注意不能拆开的动词短语 并不是所有的动词短语都能拆开，要注意有些动词短语不能拆开使用。这样的动词短语常用的有： look after， look for， turn in， pay attention to， take care of， depend on， listen to 等。如： 1。The babies (whom)the nurses are looking

46、after are very healthy保育员照看的婴儿都很健康。 2。Is this the book (which/that)she was looking for ？ 这是她正在找的那本书吗？ 3。Where is the wallet (which/that)you turned in yesterday？ 你昨天上交的钱包哪去了？ 4。These are the words (which/that)you should pay attention to(五)、注意“介词 +where ”引导的定语从句 有时我们可以见到“介词 +where ”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词 +wh

47、ich” 引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。如： 1。His head soon appeared out of the window， from where he saw nothing but trees。 他的头很快从窗口露出来，从那儿除了树木他什么也看不见。 (from where 相当于 from out of the window。 而不是 from the window) 2。They stood on the top of the building， from where they could see the whole city。 他们站在楼顶上，从那儿能看到整个城市。 (from where 相当于 from the top of the building， 而不是 from the buiding)六、定语从句中常见错误例析1 从句中多余宾语误 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.正 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.上例中,关系代词that或which在定语从句中作宾语,可省去,因此,