Profiles of the Chinese Pig Industry To Foreignize or To Domesticate.docx

《Profiles of the Chinese Pig Industry To Foreignize or To Domesticate.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Profiles of the Chinese Pig Industry To Foreignize or To Domesticate.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Profiles of the Chinese Pig IndustryTo Foreignize or To DomesticateAbstract1：Domesticatingtranslationandforeignizingtranslationaretwo differenttranslationstrategies.Theformerreferstothetranslation strategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimize thestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortarg

2、etlanguagereaders,while thelatterdesignatesthetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextdeliberately breakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignessofthe original.ButwhatisthetranslationpracticelikeinChina?Dotranslators tendtouseforeignizingmethodsordomesticatingones?Whatarethefactors thataffect

3、theirdecisionmaking?Thispapertriestofindanswersto thequestionsbylookingintothetranslationofEnglishmetaphorsinto Chinese. Keywords:domesticatingtranslation;foreignizingtranslation;metaphor; target languagereader 1.Introduction Domesticatingtranslationandforeignizingtranslationaretheterms coinedbyL.Ve

4、nuti(1995)todescribethetwodifferenttranslationstrategies. Theformerreferstothetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluent styleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntext fortargetlanguagereaders,whilethelatterdesignatesthetypeoftranslation inwhichatargettextdeliberatelybreakstargetco

5、nventionsbyretaining somethingoftheforeignessoftheoriginal(Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:59). TherootsofthetermscanbetracedbacktotheGermanphilosopherSchleiermachers argumentthatthereareonlytwodifferentmethodsoftranslation,either thetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmoves thereadertoward

6、shim;orheleavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible, andmovestheauthortowardshim(Venuti,1995:19-20). ThetermsforeignizationanddomesticationmaybenewtotheChinese, buttheconceptstheycarryhavebeenatleastforacenturyattheheart ofmosttranslationcontroversies.LuXun(鲁迅)oncesaidthatbefore translating,thetranslat

7、orhastomakeadecision:eithertoadaptthe originaltextortoretainasmuchaspossibletheforeignflavourofthe originaltext(Xu,inLuo,1984:315). ButwhatisthetranslationpracticelikeinChina?RecentlyIhaveread twoarticleswhichshowcompletelyconflictingviewsonthisquestion. InhisarticleentitledChineseandWesternThinking

8、OnTranslation, A.LefeveremakesageneralizationbasedonhiscomparisonofChineseand Westernthinkingontranslation, WhenChinesetranslatestextsproducedbyOthersoutsideitsboundaries, ittranslatesthesetextsinordertoreplacethem,pureandsimple.The translations taketheplaceoftheoriginal.Theyfunctionastheoriginalint

9、heculture totheextent thattheoriginaldisappearbehindthetranslations.(Bassnett&Lefevere, 1998:14) However,FungandKiuhavedrawnquitedifferentconclusionsfromtheir investigationofmetaphortranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese, OurcomparisonofthetwosetsofdatashowedthatinthecaseoftheEnglish metaphor theimageo

10、ftenthannotretained,whereaswiththeChinesemetaphors, substitutionis frequentlyused.OnereasonperhapsisthattheChineseaudience aremorefamiliarwith andreceptivetoWesternculturethantheaverageEnglishreadersisto Chineseculture.(Fung,1995) Theaboveconflictingviewsarousedmyinterestinfindingoutwhether theChine

11、setendtodomesticateortoforeignizewhentheytranslatea foreigntext.InwhatfollowsIshallnotcomparetranslationbyWestern andChinesetranslators,butratherlookintothetranslationofEnglish metaphorsintoChinese. 2.WhatisMetaphor? TheRandomHouseUnabridgedDictionary(secondaddition)definesmetaphor asafigureofspeech

12、inwhichatermorphraseisappliedtosomething towhichitisnotliterallyapplicableinordertosuggestaresemblance. WhileaccordingtoBBCEnglishDictionary,metaphorisawayofdescribing somethingbysayingthatitissomethingelsewhichhasthequalitiesthat youaretryingtodescribe. PeterNewmarkdefinesmetaphorasanyfigurativeexp

13、ression:thetransferred senseofaphysicalword;thepersonificationofanabstraction;theapplication ofawordorcollocationtowhatitdoesnotliterallydenote,i.e.,to describeonethingintermsofanother.Metaphorsmaybesingle -viz.one-word-orextended(acollocation,anidiom,asentence, aproverb,anallegory,acompleteimaginat

14、ivetext(1988b:104). Snell-HornbyrejectsNewmarksconceptoftheone-wordmetaphorinfavour ofWeinrichsdefinitionthatmetaphoristext(1988:56).Shebelieves thatametaphorisacomplexof(atleast)threedimensions(object,image andsense),reflectingthetensionbetweenresemblanceand disparity(1988:56-57). Thispaperwillfoll

15、owtheideathatmetaphoristextwhichincludes anidiom,asentence,aproverbandanallegory. 3.Whathasbeensaidaboutthetranslationofmetaphor? Incontrasttothevoluminousliteratureonmetaphorinthefieldofliterary criticismandrhetoric,thetranslationofmetaphorhasbeenlargelyneglected bytranslationtheorists(Fung,1995).I

16、nhisarticleCanmetaphorbe translatable?,whichisregardedasaninitialdiscussionofthesubject, Dagutsays, Whatdeterminesthetranslatabilityofasourcelanguagemetaphorisnot itsboldnessororiginality,butrathertheextenttowhichthecultural experienceandsemantic associationsonwhichitdrawsaresharedbyspeakersofthepar

17、ticular targetlanguage (1976). Snell-Hornbytakesmetaphortranslationinthelightoftheintegrated approach.Shesaysthat Thesenseofthemetaphorisfrequentlyculture-specific,.Whether ametaphoris translatable(i.e.whetheraliteraltranslationcouldrecreateidentical dimensions),how difficultitistotranslate,howitcan

18、betranslatedandwhetheritshould betranslatedatall cannotbedecidedbyasetofabstractrules,butmustdependonthestructure andfunctionof theparticularmetaphorwithinthetextconcerned.(1988:56-9) vandenBroeckconceivesthetreatmentofmetaphorsasafunctionalrelevancy tothecommunicativesituation(1981).MaryFungalsocon

19、siderstranslating metaphorasacommunicativeeventwhichisbothinterlingualandintercultural (1995). Differentfromthesemantic,culturalandfunctionalperspectivesmentioned above,Newmarkholdsamorepragmaticapproach.Drawingonhispractical experience,heproposesseveralproceduresfortranslatingmetaphor:(1) Reproduci

20、ngthesameimageinthetargetlanguage;(2) ReplacingtheSLimagewithanotherestablishedTLimage;(3)Replacing themetaphorbysimile;(4)Retainingthemetaphorandaddingthesense; (5)Convertingthemetaphortosense;(6)Omittingthemetaphorifitis redundant. Discussionsofthesubject,especiallythosewritteninChinese,arealso pr

21、agmaticratherthantheoretical.InE-CTranslationCoursebook(1980 )whichisthemostwidelyusedtranslationtextbookinChina,ZhangPeiji (张培基)andhisco-compilerssummarizedthreepopularmethodsfortranslating metaphors:(1)Literaltranslation(similartoNewmarksfirstprocedure); (2)ReplacingtheSLimagewithastandardTLimage(

22、similartoNewmarks secondprocedure);(3)Convertingthemetaphortosense(SameasNewmarks fifthprocedure). BasedonthemethodssuggestedbyZhangandhiscolleagues,GuoZhuzhang (郭著章)proposesfiveinAPracticalCoursebookinTranslationBetween EnglishandChinese(1996,revisededition):(1)Literaltranslationplus explanation;(2

23、)Literaltranslationplusmeaning;(3)Adaptingthemetaphor; (4)UsingChinesecoupletstorendertheEnglishmetaphor;(5)Replacing theSLimagewithaTLimage.4.HowAreMetaphorsTranslated? Theabovemethods,envisagedasguidelinesforthetranslationstudents aswellasthepracticaltranslators,arequiteexhaustiveofrendering theme

24、taphor.Whichofthemethodsoftranslationareactuallydomesticating andwhichonesforeignizing?InthefollowingsectionIwillcitesome examplesofmetaphortranslationfromtwotranslationtextbooks,twodictionaries andtwoarticlesasthesourcefortheanalysis. 4.1Examples Examplesarecitedfrom:(1)E-CTranslationCoursebook(198

25、0)byZhang Peiji(张培基)etal.,(2)APracticalCoursebookinTranslationBetween EnglishandChinese(1996,revisededition)byGuoZhuzhang(郭著章)et al.,(3)TheEnglish-ChineseDictionary(1993,Unabridged)byLuGusun(陆谷孙，chief editor),(4)LongmanEnglish-ChineseDictionaryofEnglishIdioms(1995) byLiYinhua(李荫华)etal.(revisersoftra

26、nslation),(5)Freetranslation, literaltranslationandword-for-wordtranslation(1981)byFengShize (冯世则),and(6)Pragmaticsandtranslation(1994)byHeZiran(何自然). Example1 ButIhatedSakamoto,andIhadafeelinghedsurelyleadusbothtoour ancestors. 但是我恨阪本，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。(Zhang，1980:12)。 (Mybacktranslation:ButI.hedsur

27、elyleadustoseeourancestors.) Example2 HitlerwasarmedtotheteethwhenhelaunchedtheSecondWorldWar,but inafewyears,he wascompletelydefeated. 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不到几年，就被彻底击败了。 (Zhang，1980:13)(Backtranslation:Hitlerwasarmedtotheteeth.) Example3 Hewalkedattheheadofthefuneralprocession,andeverynowandthen

28、 wipedawayhis crocodiletearswithabighandkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。(Feng,1981) (Backtranslation:Hewalked.hiscrocodiletears.) Example4 Amongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisking. 山中没老虎，猴子称霸王。(Guo&Li,1996:183) (Mybacktranslation:Themonkeyreignsinthemountainswhenthereis notigerthere.) Example5 Talk

29、/Speakofthedevil(andhewillappear). 说到曹操，曹操就到。(Lu,1993:463) (Mybacktranslation:TalkofCaocao,andhewillappear.) Example6 Peterdoesannoyme,comingaroundhereallthetime.Oh,talkofthedevil! Thatsprobably himatthedoornow. 彼得真令我讨厌，老是到这儿来。哦，说鬼鬼到！在门口的可能就是他。(Li,1995: 118) (Mybacktranslation:.Oh,speakofthedevil,an

30、dhewillappear.) Example7 Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。(Zhang,162) (Mybacktranslation:OneBuddhistmonkcarrieswaterforhimself,two monkscarrywater together,threemonkshavenowatertodrink.) Example8 Everyfamilyissaidtohaveatleastoneskeletoninthecupboard. 据说家家户户至少也有一桩

31、家丑。(Feng,1981) (Mybacktranslation:Everyfamilyissaidto.familyscandal.) Example9 Askeletoninthecupboard/closet 衣柜里的骷髅,见不得人的事儿(He,1994) (Mybacktranslation:askeletoninthecloset,somethingnotfittobe seen) Example10 TocarrycoalstoNewcastle 运煤到纽卡索，多此一举。 注：纽卡索是英国的一个产煤中心地，运煤到此是多余的事。(Zhang,1980:163-4) (Mybackt

32、ranslation:TocarrycoalstoNewcastle,makinganunnecessary move) Example11 TheteenagersdontinviteBobtotheirpartiesbecauseheisawetblanket. 青少年们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的聚会因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。(Zhang,1980: 162) (Mybacktranslation:The.becauseheisadisappointment.) Example12 Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth;shethinksshecandowha

33、t shelikes. 她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。(Zhang,1980:163) (Mybacktranslation:Shewasborninawealthyfamily.) Example13 Hewhokeepscompanywtihthewolfwilllearntohowl 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。(Guo,1996:183) (Mybacktranslation:Hewhotouchesvermillionwillbereddened,andhe whodealswith inkwillbeblackened.) Example14 Greatmenarenotalw

34、ayswise. 人有失手日，马有失蹄时。(Guo,1996:182-3) (Mybacktranslation:Menwillmakemistakes,horsesallstumble.) 4.2Analysis Theanalysisisbasedonthefollowingfivecommontranslationmethods: (1)Literaltranslation(retainingthesameimageinthetargetlanguage); (2)ReplacingtheSLimagewithastandardTLimage;(3)Literaltranslation

35、plussenseandexplanation;(4)Convertingthemetaphortomeaning;(5) UsingChinesecoupletstoreplacetheEnglishmetaphor. Metaphorsinexamples1,2,3and6aretranslatedliterally.Theaimof literaltranslationistoretainthenationalorlocalcolour,theoriginal imagesaswellastheforeignexpressionssoastoenrichthetargetlanguage

36、 .(Zhang,1980:161).Tohisancestors(Example1)去见祖先,isa euphemismfortodie.Thisexpressionisvividandeasyfortheordinary Chinesereadertounderstand.Armedtotheteeth(Example2)武装到牙齿 soundsabitexaggeratingbutveryimpressive.Theimageofapersonarmed totheteethissopicturesquethatitishardforthetargetlanguage readertof

37、orget.Thisliteraltranslationhasbeenwidelyacceptedsince NewChinawasestablished. AmorecommonprocedurefortranslatingmetaphorsistoreplacetheSL imagewithanotherestablishedTLimage,ifoneexiststhatisequally frequentwithintheregister(Newmark,1988:109).Theproverbsinexamples 4,5,and7,arealladaptedintoChineseve

38、rsions,replacingtheSLimages withTLimageswhicharefamiliartotheChinesereader.TheseChinese imagesarewidelydifferentfrombutsimilarinsensetotheoriginalones .Perhapsitisallrighttorendertheproverbinexample4amongthe blindtheone-eyedmaniskingliterallyinto盲人之中单眼汉为王,because themeaningaswellastheimageisclear.Bu

39、ttheproverbOneboyis aboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboyisaconceptratherthan animage,ifitistranslatedliterally,itwouldbewordyandmaynot beabletoimpresstheChinesereaderasstronglyastheconvertedversion. Therehasbeensomeargumentsaboutthetranslationofthemetaphorical sayingTalkingofthedevil,andhewillappear.Some(Zhang,1980;Lu, 1993)believethatitisacceptabletoconvertitinto说到曹操，曹操就到 becausethisfigurativeexpressionisknowntoall,whileothers(Guo, 1996;Li,1995)thinkthatCaocaoisanationa