白细胞和免疫系统精选PPT.ppt

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1、白白细细胞和免疫系胞和免疫系统统第1页，此课件共38页哦Bloodhem/o and hemat/oplasma-55%formed elements-45%serum-plasma without clotting proteinsplasma without clotting proteins第2页，此课件共38页哦Blood CellsRBC-erythrocytes-erythropoiesisWBC-leukocytes-leukopoiesisPlatelets-thrombocytes-thrombopoiesis第3页，此课件共38页哦Erythrocyteserythr/o-

2、erythr/o-redredcyte-cyte-cell cellHemoglobin-blood protein Hemoglobin-blood protein transports oxygentransports oxygenReticulocyte-immature Reticulocyte-immature erythrocyte erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone RBCs produced by red bone marrowmarrow第4页，此课件共38页哦Leukocytesleuk/o-whiteProtect the body

3、 against invasionPass through capillary walls第5页，此课件共38页哦Granulocytes(neutrophils(phagocytosis)neutrophils(phagocytosis)(eosinophils(allergies)eosinophils(allergies)(basophils(promote inflammation)basophils(promote inflammation)Agranulocytes(lymphocytes(production of circulating lymphocytes(producti

4、on of circulating antibodies)antibodies)(monocytes(macrophages)monocytes(macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus,abscessleukocytes called pus,abscess.第6页，此课件共38页哦Thrombocytessmallest formed elementmade in bone marrowesse

5、ntial to blood coagulationIf injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the If injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,seals lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,seals wound.Chemicals rele

6、ased,series of reactions,formation of wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,formation of clot.clot.第7页，此课件共38页哦Plasmaplasma(92%water(8%plasma proteinsC CalbuminalbuminC CglobulinglobulinC Cfibrinogenfibrinogenserum-plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogenplasma without clotting proteins

7、 or fibrinogen第8页，此课件共38页哦Functions of the Immune System To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances(pathogenic microorganisms(allergens(toxins(malignant cells第9页，此课件共38页哦Structures of the Immune SystemUnlike other body systems,Immune System is NOT contained within a single set o

8、f organs or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic,cardiovascular,and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through antigen-antibody reaction第10页，此课件共38页哦Lymphatic SystemMajor structures(lymph vesselslymph vessels(lymph nodeslymph nodes(lymph fluidlymph fluid(tonsilstonsilsAlso(spleensple

9、en(thymusthymus第11页，此课件共38页哦Functions of the Lymph Systemlymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials(nutrients,hormones and oxygen)to body cellscarry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infection第12页，此课件共38

10、页哦Lymph SystemLymph originates in blood plasmaInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes body tissuescollects cellular debris,bacteriareturn to blood or lymph capillaries第13页，此课件共38页哦Lymph Nodeslocated in lymph vesselssmall round or oval structures (filters)depositories for cellular debrisbacteria and d

11、ebris phagocytized第14页，此课件共38页哦Lymph Nodesinside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs(lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process第15页，此课件共38页哦Spleensac-like mass of lymphatic tissuefilter for lymphphagocy

12、tic cellshemolytic第16页，此课件共38页哦Thymuslymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role:changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity第17页，此课件共38页哦Tonsilsmasses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid,not lymphlocated beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to conta

13、minationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolutely necessary.第18页，此课件共38页哦Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAntigen-any substance that the body regards as foreign(virus,bacterium,toxin)Antibody-a disease fighting protein developed b

14、y the body in response to the presence of an antigenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction第19页，此课件共38页哦WBCs for Immune Reactionsmonocytes-type of lymphocytes(formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body(become macrophagesmacrophage-phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting inva

15、ding cellslymphocytes-major class of WBCs(formed in lymphatic tissue第20页，此课件共38页哦LymphocytesT cells or T Lymphocytes(mature in thymus gland(Cell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytes(mature in bone marrow(antibody-mediated immunity第21页，此课件共38页哦T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)T Cell

16、(cell mediated immunity)(circulating lymphocytes(produced in bone marrow(matures in thymus(live for years(primary function:coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms 第22页，此课件共38页哦Lymphocyte:T Cellshelper T cells-essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory cells-remember antigens and st

17、imulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time第23页，此课件共38页哦Blood GroupsFour blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens(agglutinogens)on surface of RBCsA-A antigenB-B antigenAB-both AB antigensO-no AB antigens第24页，此课件共38页哦Plasma does not contain the antibody aga

18、inst own antigenAntigensAntigens on the donors RBCs on the donors RBCs react with the react with the antibodies in patients plasma antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion and cause a transfustion reaction.reaction.第25页，此课件共38页哦Rh FactorRh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%Rh fact

19、or is antigen present on RBC of 85%of pop.of US.of pop.of US.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh positive and Rh negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.positive fetus.hemolytic

20、 disease of the newbornhemolytic disease of the newbornprevented with RhoGAMprevented with RhoGAM第26页，此课件共38页哦ImmunityImmunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life第27页，此课件共38页哦Factors Tha

21、t Influence Immune SystemHealthAgeHeredity第28页，此课件共38页哦AnemiasOxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochromasiahematocrit第29页，此课件共38页哦Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)Caused by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long

22、 incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during advanced stages of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed,opportunistic infections occur.第30页，此课件共38页哦Autoimmune DisordersAntigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.Body makes antibodies a

23、nd T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis,rheumatoid arthritis第31页，此课件共38页哦EdemaHypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure within blood(large amounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive heart failure

24、localized edema,ascites第32页，此课件共38页哦HemophiliaHereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked,usually in menlack factor VIII,essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosis第33页，此课件共38页哦Infectious MononucleosisAcute infection caused by virus.Fever,sore throat,swollen lymph glands,atypical lymphocytes,

25、splenomegaly,hepatomegaly,abnormal liver function,and bruising.transmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomatic第34页，此课件共38页哦Oncology,the study of tumorsMetastasis,MetastasizeMetastasis,MetastasizeCarcinomaCarcinoma(Malignant MelanomaMalignant Melanoma(Adenoca

26、rcinomaAdenocarcinomaSarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)Sarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)(OsteocarcomaOsteocarcoma(OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma(MyosarcomaMyosarcoma(Myeloma第35页，此课件共38页哦LeukemiaMajor oncological disorder of blood-forming organsmalignant cells replace health bone marrow cell

27、sacute myelogenous leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia第36页，此课件共38页哦Hodgkins DiseaseMalignant disorderPainless,progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes;splenomegalyAnorexia,weight loss,pruritus,anemia,leukocytosis第37页，此课件共38页哦Kaposis SarcomaMalignancy associated with AIDSlesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules第38页，此课件共38页哦