心瓣膜病合并房颤及心衰的处理原则讲稿.ppt
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1、关于心瓣膜病合并房颤及心衰的处理原则第一页,讲稿共七十二页哦随着人口的老龄化,老年退行性钙化性瓣膜病逐渐占有重要的地位,是目前老年人的特殊疾病。已经成为老年人心力衰竭、心律失常、晕厥、猝死的原因之一。对冠心病具有重要预测价值第二页,讲稿共七十二页哦第三页,讲稿共七十二页哦第四页,讲稿共七十二页哦国外报道的发病率明显高于国内。Pomerance 等 尸检162 例死于心衰的患者,分析其原因后发现钙化性瓣膜病变占45%,仅次于冠心病。Wong 等 在78 例65102 岁的患者中 发现瓣膜退行性改变占74%。90100 岁年龄组几近100%Springer.Verlag,1982:6367.J A
2、M Geriatir soc,1983,3l:156.国内外报道十分不一致,主要原因有种族差异、也存在方法学的问题第五页,讲稿共七十二页哦第六页,讲稿共七十二页哦The incidence and etiological classification of valvular diseases were examined on 358 cases from 3,000 consecutive autopsies of more than 60 years of age.The incidence of valvular disease was 11.9%(358 out of 3,000 cas
3、es)Jpn Circ J.1982 Apr;46(4):337-45 第七页,讲稿共七十二页哦Mitral stenosis was found in 23 cases(6.4%),of which 21 cases were rheumatic and the remaining 2 were mitral ring calcification(MRC).Mitral regurgitation was observed in 126 cases(35.3%):69 of papillary muscle dysfunction,26 of mitral valve prolapse(MV
4、P),16 of MRC,9 of ruptured chordae tendineae,3 of rheumatic and 3 of congenital.Jpn Circ J.1982 Apr;46(4):337-45 第八页,讲稿共七十二页哦Aortic stenosis was noted in 33 cases(9.2%):27 of calcified,5 of rheumatic and one of congenital.Aortic regurgitation was found in 169 cases(47.2%):112 of degenerative,47 of s
5、yphilitic,7 of rheumatic and 2 of aortitis syndrome.There were 6 cases(1.7%)of tricuspid regurgitation.Jpn Circ J.1982 Apr;46(4):337-45 第九页,讲稿共七十二页哦Etiological classification revealed 6 cases(1.7%)of congenital,36(10%)of rheumatic,49(13.7%)of syphilitic,27(7.5%)of MVP,69(19.3%)of ischemic and 166(46
6、.4%)of degenerative valvular disease.Jpn Circ J.1982 Apr;46(4):337-45 第十页,讲稿共七十二页哦A total of 458 cases(11.5%)with valvular heart diseases in the aged(greater than or equal to 60 years)were found among 4,000 consecutive autopsies.They included 204 cases(45%)of aortic regurgitation(AR),171 cases(37%)o
7、f mitral regurgitation(MR),followed by 45(10%)of aortic stenosis(AS)and 27 cases(6%)of mitral stenosis(MS).J Cardiol Suppl.1988;19:29-38.第十一页,讲稿共七十二页哦an etiology of the valvular diseases,degenerative type was found in 195 cases(43%),ischemic origin in 91 cases(20%),followed by inflammatory origin su
8、ch as syphilitic in 51 and infective endocarditis in three,aortitis in two and rheumatic in 49(11%).Congenital origin was also found in 18 cases(4%).J Cardiol Suppl.1988;19:29-38.第十二页,讲稿共七十二页哦第十三页,讲稿共七十二页哦第十四页,讲稿共七十二页哦仍关注对老年人风心病仍关注对老年人风心病第十五页,讲稿共七十二页哦。山西医科大学第一临床医学院心内科从1979-011998-12 共收治风心病1 227 例,其中
9、老年风心病215 例,对其逐年发病情况及95 例资料齐全者临床特点作一回顾分析第十六页,讲稿共七十二页哦老年风心病215 例,所占比例为17.5%。逐年住院比例由1979 年的9%逐渐增长为1998 年的42.5%。又从215 例老年风心病患者中取资料齐全者95 例,其中男49 例,女46 例,年龄6080 岁,平均年龄64 岁,平均病程16.8 年。第十七页,讲稿共七十二页哦老年退行性心脏瓣膜病老年退行性心脏瓣膜病又称老年钙化性心脏瓣膜病(SCHVD),是一种与年龄相关的瓣膜退行性变。随着增龄,心血管系统逐渐老化,处于血流不断冲击的瓣膜及其支架易发生退行性变、纤维化和钙化,造成主动脉瓣和(或
10、)二尖瓣关闭不全及狭窄,若病变的心肌扩张和钙化、纤维化涉及传导系统可 以并发各种心律失常第十八页,讲稿共七十二页哦A Novel Role of the Sympatho-Adrenergic System in Regulating Valve CalcificationRecent evidence has indicated that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role inregulating bone deposition and resorption the beta 2-adrenergic recepto
11、rs(2-AR).In order to test the effect 2-AR on changing the human valve lCs towards osteogenic phenotype cells were treated with the selectlve2-AR agonist,salmeterol,in the presence and absence of osteogenic media for 21 days.Supplement circulation vol 114,no 18 october 31,2006第十九页,讲稿共七十二页哦Salmeterolt
12、ereatment in the presence of osteogenic media significantly reduced the ALP activity from 10.22.9nmol/min/mg proteiy in the osteogenic treated cellc,to 4.71.9nmol/min/mg protein(p75 years),the management of atrial fibrillation varies;it requires an individual approach,which largely depends on comorb
13、id conditions,underlying cardiac disease,and patient and physician preferences.Drugs Aging.2002;19(11):819-46 第二十九页,讲稿共七十二页哦Another serious challenge in the management of chronic atrial fibrillation in older individuals is the prevention of stroke,its primary outcome,by choosing an appropriate antit
14、hrombotic treatment(aspirin or warfarin).Several risk-stratification schemes have been validated and may be helpful to determine the best antithrombotic choice in individual patients Drugs Aging.2002;19(11):819-46 第三十页,讲稿共七十二页哦关于抗血栓治疗(瓣膜病)antithrombotic therapy in native and prosthetic valvular hear
15、t disease is part of the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy:Evidence Based Guidelines.Grade 1 recommendations are strong and indicate that the benefits do,or do not,outweigh risks,burden,and costs.Grade 2 suggests that individual patients values may lead to different
16、choices(for a full understanding of the grading see Guyatt et al,CHEST 2004;126:179S-187S).第三十一页,讲稿共七十二页哦Among the key recommendations in this chapter are the following:For patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation(AF),or a history of previous systemic embolism,we recommen
17、d long-term oral anticoagulant(OAC)therapy(target international normalized ratio INR,2.5;range,2.0 to 3.0)Grade 1C+.For patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease with AF or a history of systemic embolism who suffer systemic embolism while receiving OACs at a therapeutic INR,we recommend adding as
18、pirin,75 to 100 mg/d(Grade 1C).For those patients unable to take aspirin,we recommend adding dipyridamole,400 mg/d,or clopidogrel(Grade 1C).CHEST 2004;126:179S-187S).第三十二页,讲稿共七十二页哦In people with mitral valve prolapse(MVP)without history of systemic embolism,unexplained transient ischemic attacks(TIA
19、s),or AF,we recommended against any antithrombotic therapy(Grade 1C).In patients with MVP and documented but unexplained TIAs,we recommend long-term aspirin therapy,50 to 162 mg/d(Grade 1A).CHEST 2004;126:179S-187S第三十三页,讲稿共七十二页哦(房颤)This chapter about antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation(AF)
20、is part of the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy:Evidence Based Guidelines.Grade 1 recommendations are strong and indicate that the benefits do,or do not,outweigh risks,burden,and costs.Grade 2 suggests that individual patients values may lead to different choices(fo
21、r a full understanding of the grading see Guyatt et al,CHEST 2004;126:179S-187S).第三十四页,讲稿共七十二页哦Among the key recommendations in this chapter are the following(all vitamin K antagonist VKA recommendations have a target international normalized ratio INR of 2.5;range,2.0 to 3.0):In patients with persi
22、stent or paroxysmal AF(PAF)intermittent AF at high risk of stroke(ie,having any of the following features:prior ischemic stroke,transient ischemic attack,or systemic embolism,age 75 years,moderately or severely impaired left ventricular systolic function and/or congestive heart failure,history of hy
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