主谓一致全面总结- 高三英语一轮复习素材.doc

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1、高考英语语法总复习：主谓一致全面总结主谓一致的三原则英语中的一致主要包括主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致、时态的一致、名词和代词的一致。主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。主谓一致一般要遵循三个原则，即：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和临近原则。当这三个原则发生矛盾和冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。1）意义一致原则意义一致原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语根据意义也用复数形式；反之亦然。当主语后面接由as well as、as such as、accompanied by、including、in

2、 addition to、more than、no less than、rather than、with、together with等构成的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有逗号隔开。例句：Roberson,along with three RUC men,was murdered near Armagh.罗伯逊和三名北爱尔兰皇家警察在阿尔马附近遭到杀害。例句：The teacher,with all h

3、is students,is going to have a picnic next Sunday.老师打算下周日与学生们一起去野炊。注意！我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语。Roberson was murdered near Armagh,along with three RUC men.Along with three RUC men,Roberson was murdered near Armagh.The teacher is going to have a picnic next Sunday with all his

4、students.表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等的词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看做单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指“有多少数量”则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例句：Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常常将四个星期近似地看成一个月。例句：Eighty yuan are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.对于一个学生来说，一个星期八十块钱的伙食费足够了。形容词前加定冠词即“the+形容词”作主语时，其意义若是

5、指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例句：The young,on the one hand,often thinkof the old conservative;on the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperienced.一方面，年轻人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为年轻人没有经验。例句：The new is sure to take place of the old.新生事物一定会代替旧事物。当and连接两个并列主

6、语（在意义上指同一人、同一物或者同一概念）时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。有时，当and连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例句：War and peace is s constant theme in history.战争和和平是一个永恒的历史主题。例句：The jealousies ans heart-burnings tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection.妒忌和

7、怨恨易于疏远本应情同手足的人。集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有army、audience、cattle、class、club、committee、crowd、family、government、group、majority、minority、party、people、police、public、staff、team等，其中cattle、people、police一般看成复数形式。例句：The family are all fond of reading.那一家人都

8、喜欢看书。例句：The family is the tiniest cell of the society.家庭是社会最小的细胞。例句：The public now come to know the whole story.人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。例句：The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.人民大众完全有理由警惕职业欺骗。2）语法一致原则主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。例句：Inner s

9、unshine warms not only the heart of the owner,but of all that come in contact with it.内心的欢乐不仅温暖了自己的心，也温暖了所有与他接触的人。（inner sunshine是单数形式，因此谓语动词也相应采取单数形式。）例句：April showers bring May flowers.（谚）四月的大雨带来五月的繁花。（April showers是复数名词，谓语动词也相应运用其复数形式。）3）邻近原则临近原则是指谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近的主语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有or、either.or.、

10、neither.nor.、not only.but also.、not.but.等。例句：Marilyn or you are to blame for the fault.要么玛丽莲要么你该为这个过失负责。（you是最靠近谓语动词的主语，因此根据就近原则，谓语动词应与you保持一致）例句：Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.发生这个家庭事故应该怪杰克的父母而不是杰克。（谓语动词根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定）例句：Either Tim or his brothers

11、 have to shovel the snow.蒂姆或者他的兄弟们要去铲雪。例句：Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.让我沮丧的既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度。例句：Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.不仅仅是他，他全家都很热衷于音乐会。主谓一致的其他情况1）单独的不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数例句：Schooling is a spe

12、cific,formalized process.学校教育是一种具体的、正规化的过程。例句：To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die.死后仍活在人们心中的人，虽死犹生。例句：What the world really needs is more love and less paper work.这个世界真正需要的是多一点爱心，少一些表面工作。如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。例句：To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habi

13、t.早睡早起是好习惯。例句：To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.工作和说是两件不同的事情，但它们永远相伴。2）不定代词one、every、each、everybody、everyone、one of、no one、nothing、nobody、someone、somebody、either、neither、many a等作主语或修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数例句：Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多

14、学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。例句：Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra curriculum activities.所有的男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。3）表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数例句：One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious folklore.一千零一夜给人们讲了许多的神秘的民间传说。例句：The United States attracts many brilliant young m

15、en all over the world every year.美国每年吸引许多来自世界各地的优秀青年。例句：The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs.联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。4）a portion of、a series of、a kind of、the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数例句：A whole series of accidents has happened on this stretch of road recent

16、ly.近来这个路段发生了一连串事故。例句：The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误之多让人吃惊得要死。例句：A substantial portion of the reports is missing.这些报告都没有涉及问题的实质。例句：A kind of herb in the forest smells very pleasant.这片森林里有一种药草香气宜人。5）由some、severa

17、l、both、few、many、a number of等词修饰可数名词作主语，或是由它们自身表示可数名词作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数，但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念，动词须用单数例句：On the seashore,some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun.在海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳。例句：Both of us like Shakespeare's works very much.我们俩都很喜欢

18、莎士比亚的作品。例句：A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.许多即将毕业的学生志愿去中国西部工作。例句：Truth and honesty is the best policy.真诚为上策。例句：A smile and handshake show welcome.微笑和握手表示欢迎。例句：Bread and butter is healthful good.涂油黄油的面包是一种有益于健康的食物。例句：The poet and writer has produced ma

19、ny books.这个是人兼作家写出了很多作品。And所连接的表示同一概念的短语有：A horse and cart 马车A knife and fork 刀叉A cup and saucer 茶盘A watch and chain 手表Bread and butter 涂有黄油的面包The poet and the writer则表示“诗人和作家”两个人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；而“the poet and writer”则表示“诗人兼作家”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。6）a lot of、most of、any of、half of、three fifths of、eighty

20、percent of、some of、none of、the rest of、all of等后接不可数名词或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数例句：A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off.昨天突然断电时，那家商店被偷了许多钱。例句：Some of books about investment fund have been published recently

21、.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。例句：Many people present at the meeting were from the US,many from the UK and the rest were from China.出席这次会议的很多人来自美国和英国，其他的来自中国。例句：A friend walks in when the rest of the world walks out.别人都走开的时候，朋友仍与你在一起。例句：The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was

22、 dull.讲座的前半部分很生动，剩下的部分却非常枯燥。例句：Part of his story was not true.他的故事有一部分不是真的。例句：Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我们学校的部分外教来自加拿大。7）以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式例句：The straits of Gibraltar haven't lost their strategical importance.直布罗陀海峡尚未丧失其战略上的重要地位。例句：The Himalayas exten

23、d along the border of India and China.喜马拉雅山脉沿中印边境延伸。8）量词修饰由对应两部分组成的名词一些由两个部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers、pants、glasses、scissors等作主语时，前面若无a pair of、a suit of、a set of、a series of等这类的单位词，通常用作复数，谓语动词用复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。例句：This pair of shoes is very expensive.这双鞋很贵。例句：My blue trousers have worn

24、 out.我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。例句：The two pairs of scissors are Hangzhou-made.这两把剪刀都是杭州制造的。例句：Two pieces of good news have been published in today's evening paper.今天的晚报报道了两条好消息。特殊量词修饰普通名词含有pile、mountain、row、mass、cup、basket、box、pack、packet、parcel等词修饰的短语作主语，谓语动词根据修饰语的单复数形式而定。例句：Piles of rubbish have not onl

25、y blocked the way,but polluted the air as well.成堆的垃圾不仅挡住了人的路，而且污染了空气。例句：A row of willows is lined on one side of the river.一排柳树长在河的一岸。例句：Masses of work are to be done to welcome the New Year.为了迎接新年，我们还有很多工作要做。例句：A packet of letters needs mailing.一包信需要寄出。9）such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应该根据其意义而定例句：Such is Stephe

26、n Hawing,who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.这就是史蒂芬·霍金，遭受着巨大痛苦但取得巨大成就的人。例句：Such are the moral dilemmas that we are now faced with.这就是我们现在所面临的道德困境。例句：Such as have plenty of money want more money.那些有许多钱的人还想要更多的钱。10）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用单数。例句：Mathematics is the sc

27、ience of numbers.数学是数字的科学。例句：Politics is often a topic for discussion among us.政治常常是我们讨论的话题。例句：Physics is one of the hardest subjects for a middle school student.物理是中学生感到最难的科目之一。以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，若改变词义表示学科能力时，则用复数形式。例句：Her mathematics are weak.她的数学很差。11）表示数量、价格、时间、长度的复数名词等作主语表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作

28、主语，通常看作整体，谓语用单数。例句：Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee.两个小时喝杯咖啡的时间足够长了。例句：Two pounds was missing from the till.钱柜里的钱丢了十镑。例句：Seven hundred miles is a long distance.七百英里是一段很长的距离。12）有些以-sh、-ese、-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数例句：The French are fond of champagne.法国人喜欢香槟酒。例句：The English

29、like to be with their families at Christmas.英国人喜欢在圣诞节与家人团聚。例句：The Chinese area hard-working people.中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。13）a quality (of)、(large) quantities (of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定例句：Quantities of money are needed to equip the laboratory.实验室安装设备需要很多钱。例句：A quantity of Christmas gifts&

30、#160;has been bought for the children.我们为儿童买了大量的圣诞礼物。14）两数相加、相乘，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式；两数相减、相除，此时谓语动词只能用单数形式例句：Ten and five is/are/makes/make/equal/equals/is equal to/are equal to fifteen.10加5等于15.例句：Five times eight is/are/makes/make/equal/equals/is equal to/are equal to forty.5乘以8等于40。例

31、句：10 minus 5 is/leaves/makes/equals/is equal to 5.10减去5等于5。例句：Twelve divided by 4 is/makes/equals/is equal to 3.12除以4等于3。15）“more than one+单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语也须用单数以符合语法上一致的原则。在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语常用复数例句：More than one person was injured in the accident.不止一人在这起事故中受伤。

32、例句：More than one way has been tried to stop noise pollution.已经试过了很多制止噪音污染的方法。例句：More members than one are against the proposal.反对这项提议的会员不止一个。16）定语从句中的谓语一致依先行词而定定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定，先行词是单数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数形式；先行词是复数形式，定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数形式。例句：Those (people)who are for this plan are to sign your names r

33、ight on this paper.同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名。例句：I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.我将永远珍惜充满快乐的时光。例句：The news that has been published in today's newspaper isn't true.今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。“one of+复数名词”结构后的定语从句One of+复数名词+关系代词+谓语动词复数形式；the (only) one of+复数名词+关系代词+谓语动词单

34、数形式。例句：Jeff is one of the journalists who were awarded.杰夫是当时受嘉奖的新闻记者之一。（本句的先行词是the journalists，即所修饰的中心词为the journalists，因此谓语动词应根据the journalists而定。）Jeff is the only one of the journalists who was awarded.杰夫是唯一受嘉奖的新闻记者。（本句的中心词移到了the only one，因此定语从句的谓语动词需根据the only one而定。）其他需要保持一致的

35、情况一、名词和代词的一致代词与其所代替或修饰的名词应在人称和性别上保持一致。例句：I don't have a watch but I'm going to buy one.我没有表，但是我想买一块。例句：Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命运自己掌握。例句：Everything has its seed.无风不起浪。例句：Let things take their course.顺其自然。Each bird loves to hear hims

36、elf sing.鸟儿都爱听自己唱歌。例句比较：The secretary and the treasurer are boasting about their children's good performance at school.（两人，用their）The secretary and treasurer was criticized for her neglect of the duty.（一人，用her）The cart and the horse were necessary in those days for their usefulness in

37、transportation.（马和车，两样东西，用their）A cart and horse was first seen in the distance,and then it gradually disappeared.（马车，一样东西，用it）二、分词逻辑主语的一致表示时间、条件、伴随等的分词的逻辑主语必须同所在句中的主语保持一致。例句：The hunter walked slowly in the forest,followed by his wolf-dog.猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一条狼狗。例句：Having lived in London for years

38、,I almost know every place quite well.在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。三、并列（平等）结构中成分的一致1）为使句子前后保持平衡和协调，句中的并列成分应在结构上保持一致同一句中的并列主语（谓语等）在语法等方面要求对应。例句：I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted,every hill and mountain shall be made low,the rough places will be made plain,and the crooked pla

39、ces will be made straight,and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed,and all flesh shall see it together.我梦想有一天，深谷弥合，高山夷平，歧路化坦途，曲径成通衢，上帝的光华再现，普照天下生灵共谒。（均为同位语从句）例句：The instrument has been welcomed by all users because of its stability in serviceability,reliability in operation and

40、0;simplicity in maintenance.该仪器性能稳定，操作可靠，维修方便，因而受到所有用户的欢迎。（均为名词）2）在比较结构中，被比较的事物应是同等成分在比较从句中，用that代替前面的单数名词，用those代替前面的复数名词。例句：The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。例句：The weather here is much hotter than that of Beijing.这儿比北京热得多。四、倒装

41、结构中主谓语的一致在倒装句中，其他成分放到句子前部，而主语则往往被置于句子后部。这时要注意辨认主语，谓语动词要同主语保持一致。例句：So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.他的要价太不合理，让每个人都瞠目结舌。五、there be句型中的主谓一致在there be句型中，当be动词后的第一个并列成分带有不定冠词时，谓语动词按就近原则用单数形式。例句：There is a lake and some hills around it.那儿被一个湖泊和几座小山环绕着。There is/was后有时也可接复数名词，尤其在口语中，这符合人们的思维习惯，往往先说出there is/was后才想起后面的名词。例句：There's hundreds of fans gathering on the square.广场上聚集着成百上千的歌迷。