语言学教程幻灯片.ppt

《语言学教程幻灯片.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学教程幻灯片.ppt（73页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、语言学教程第1页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三2第2页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三I.The Goals for this Course and the RequirementsTobeabletogetacomprehensiveunderstandingofthebasicconcepts,theoriesandotherknowledgeofEnglishlanguageToknowabouttheknowledgeofthevariouslinguisticbranchesandthesurveyofthedevelopmentofEnglishlinguisticsTo

2、understandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning,cross-culturalcommunication,etc.TocultivatethecapabilitiesofobservingandanalyzinganylinguisticphenomenonTopavethewayforyourfurtherstudyandresearch3第3页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三II.The Approaches to linguistic st

3、udy一一、要反复阅读教材，熟记本教程中的每个概念及其定义，并 熟记相关例子。二二、要深入理解本教程中的重点理论，并熟记要点。三三、要研究有效的阅读技巧：分析语篇、段落的语义结构，抓 住主旨大意。四四、努力学会观察语言现象，将学过的语言学概念和理论，纳入平常的英语学习中去理解。五五、对语言学的重要流派及其发展，如历史比较语言学、结构主义语言学及其主要分支、转换生成语言学及其发展、系统功能语言学等，要熟记其代表人物及其代表作，了解其基本理论、方法和发展脉络。六六、要认真研究课后作业，通过反复练习以加强对相关概念和理论的理解。七七、注意进一步参考每章后面所罗列的相关参考文献，将课程内容与参考文献的

4、相关内容加以比较，加深相关内容的理解。4第4页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三III.AssessmentA.Daily Performance Score 30%1.Attendance 30%2.Classroom Performance 10%3.Homework 60%B.Final Examination Score 70%5第5页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三IV.A Brief Introduction to LinguisticsA 语言学的分类语言学的分类1、理论语言学：理论语言学：包括（1）专语语言学专语语言学是以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学（包括从一个静止

5、的时段角度观察和研究语言的共时语言学共时语言学和从一个较长时段研究语言，研究语言动态的历时语言学历时语言学），（2）普通语普通语言学：言学：以人类一般语言为研究对象，研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律，是综合众多语言的研究成果而建立起来的语言学的重要理论部分。2、应用语言学应用语言学是将语言学的基本原理同有关学科结合起来研究问题而产生的新的学科。6第6页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三语言学分类示意图语言学理论语言学应用语言学普通语言学专语语言学历时语言学共时语言学社会语言学社会语言学心理语言学心理语言学神经语言学神经语言学统计语言学统计语言学7第7页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期

6、三B.语言学发展简史语言学的三大发源地:中国、印度、希腊-罗马印度印度中国中国希腊希腊-罗马罗马中国传统语文学中国传统语文学统称统称“小学小学”，包括，包括文字学、训诂学、文字学、训诂学、音韵学。音韵学。传播阅读传播阅读吠陀经吠陀经，公元前，公元前4 4世纪世纪巴尼尼的梵语巴尼尼的梵语语法。古印度语法。古印度语法的贡献：形态、语法的贡献：形态、词类、语音。词类、语音。古希腊关于语言古希腊关于语言问题的两场大论战问题的两场大论战。古罗马古罗马论拉丁语论拉丁语一、传统语言学一、传统语言学8第8页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三古希腊两次大论战：古希腊两次大论战：第一场在“自然发生派”和“约定俗

7、成派”之间展开，焦点集中在语言的形式与意义之间的关系上。第二场在“变则派”和“类推派”之间展开，焦点集中在语法结构是否规则这一问题上。古古罗罗马马传传统统 当时最著名的语法学家瓦罗的语法巨著论拉丁语被认为是研究拉丁语的权威性著作。瓦罗的主要贡献是区别了屈折形式和派生形式，比较详细地考察了拉丁语的性、数、格体系和结构功能。古印度的语言研究古印度的语言研究在以下几个方面作出了突出的贡献：（1）形态：把词分解成词干词干和词尾词尾两个部分。（2）词类：巴尼尼把词分为名词、动词、介词、和小品词名词、动词、介词、和小品词4类。（3）语音：古印度语言学家细致地描写了梵语语音的发音动作，根据生理原则和物理原则

8、对语音作了分类，区分出元音元音和辅辅音，塞音和擦音，半元音，长音和短音以及音节音，塞音和擦音，半元音，长音和短音以及音节等。9第9页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三二、现代语言学发展流程图历史比较语言学历史比较语言学结构主义语言学结构主义语言学布拉格学派布拉格学派 哥本哈根学派哥本哈根学派 美国描写主义学派美国描写主义学派转换转换生成语言学生成语言学系统功能学派系统功能学派社会语言学派社会语言学派认知语言学派认知语言学派第10页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.1 Why study language?Weneedlanguagetocommunicatewithothers.Lan

9、guagestudyhelpspeopletomasteritquicklyandefficiently.Languagestudyhelpsotherscientificfieldstoimprove.Languagestudyhelpstoimprovethecommunicationsandexchangesbetweendifferentcultures.1.1.1 Some myths about languageLanguageisonlyameans of communication.Languagehasaform-meaning correspondence.Thefunct

10、ionoflanguageistoexchange information.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.11第11页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.1.2 Some fundamental views about LanguageChildrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficiently and without instruction.Languageoperatesbyrules.Alllangua

11、geshavethreemajorcomponents:a sound system,a system of lexico-grammar and a system of semantics.Everyonespeaksa dialect.Languageslowly changes.Speakersofalllanguagesemploya range of styles and a set of jargons.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocieties and individuals who use them.Writing is deriva

12、tive of speech.12第12页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.2 What is language?According to our textbook(2006)“Language is a means of verbal communication.”It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communi

13、cation can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues,motivation,and socio-cultural roles.13第13页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三AccordingtoDwightBolinger&DonaldA.Sears,“Humanlanguageisasystemofvocal-auditorycomm

14、unication,interactingwiththeexperiencesofitsusers,employingconventionalsignscomposedofarbitrarypatternedsoundunitsandassembledaccordingtosetrules.”(1981:2)a.Languageishuman.b.Languageisthoughtandactivity.c.Theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.d.Languageishi

15、erarchic.Languageisnevertrulycontinuous.Toconveydiscretemeaningstherearehavetobediscreteunits.14第14页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三DiscoursePhoneticallyGrammaticallyGraphicallyParagraphtonegroupDiscourseparagraphQuestion-AnswertoneclausesentenceSyntaxfootwordgroupphrasewords/syllablewordwordpartsofwordsSyllablep

16、honememorphemeletter15第15页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三E.Language is a system.Systematicrule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*I apple eat.F.Language is symbolic in natureSymbolicwordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.“A rose by any other n

17、ame would smell as sweet”ShakespeareG.Language changes to outwit changes.Everylanguageisinastateofdynamicequilibrium.Infinitesimalchangesoccurineveryactofspeech.Thevastopen-endnessoflanguagemakesitbothsystematicandreceptivetochange.16第16页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三H.Languageisembeddedingesture.Thelanguageisr

18、einforcedbybothaudibleandvisiblegestures.Audible(lexical),“wh-huh”“yes”,“huh”“what”.LearnedgesturesvisiblewavinggoodbyeGesturesInvoluntary“smile,cry”InstinctiveVoluntary“smile,cry.”17第17页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.3.Design Features of Language Definition:ConceptsintroducedbyC.F.Hockettinthe1960sofa set of

19、key properties of language not shared or not known to be shared,as a set,with systems ofcommunication in any other species(Arbitrariness,Duality,Productivity/Creativity,Displacement,and Cultural transmission).Languagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsinthatitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommu

20、nicationsystem.18第18页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.3.1 Arbitrariness(任意性任意性)Definition:Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthere is in general no natural relation between the form of a simple lexical unit and the things,etc.that it denotes.The levels of arbitrariness(1)Most words share the arbitrary relation between

21、the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.Forexample,thereisnothinginthenatureofthesoundsandmeaningstoexplainwhycat is thewordfora catnot,forexample,adogorapencil.Even with onomatopoeic wordsarbitraryrelationshipexistsbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.Thedogbarkswow wowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪汪汪汪”inChin

22、ese.19第19页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三(2)Arbitrariness at the syntactic level:language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.He came in and sat down.He sat down and came in.He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness&Conventionality（规约性）（规约性）Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisa matter of convention（

23、常规、规约）（常规、规约）.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakes it potentially creative.Conventionalityoflanguage,theothersideofarbitrariness,makes learning a language laborious.Onomatopoeia（拟声）（拟声）A word or process of forming wordswhosephoneticformisperceivedasimitatingasound,orsoundassociatedwithsomething,thattheydeno

24、te.Cuckooabirdwithacallthatsoundslikeitsname20第20页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三Primary onomatopoeiaTheimitationofsoundsbysounds动物模仿声动物模仿声ApesgibberBearsgrowlBullsbellowCatsmewEaglesscreamFrogscroakBeetlesdroneCamelsgruntDucksquackFliesbuzzGeesecackleHorsesneighHenscluckLarkswarbleLionsroarMagpieschatterMicesqu

25、eakOwlshootPigeonscooPigssquealSnakeshissWolveshowlTurkeysgobble模仿金属的声音模仿金属的声音：clash,clank,ting,tinkle,clang,jangle,ding-dong,tick-tack模仿水等液体声模仿水等液体声：splash,bubble,sizz,sizzle,splish-splosh,drip-drop21第21页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三Secondary onomatopoeia certainsoundsandsoundsequencesareassociatedwithcertain

26、sensesinanexpressiverelationshipSn-1)breath-noise:sniff,snuff,snore,snort2)quickseparationormovement:snip,snap,snatch3)creeping:snake,snail,sneak,snoopSl-1)slippery:slide,slip,slither,slush,sluice,sludge2)pejorativesense:slattern,slut,slang,sly,sloppy,Sk-:与表面接触：与表面接触：skate,skim,skin,skid,skimp-ump:表

27、示圆形体：表示圆形体：plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mump/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：heavy,haste,hurry,hit,heave,hoarse,hurl等Wh-表示表示“剧烈剧烈”的拟声词：的拟声词：wham,whang,whap,whop,wheeze,whicker,whinny,whomp,whoop22第22页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.3.2 Duality（二层性）（二层性）Definition:the property of having two levels of structures,su

28、ch that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization(Lyons,1982:20).Thus,attheprimarylevel,“You go to sleep”iscomposedofyou,go,to,sleep,aseriesofmeaningful units(morpheme,words);atthesecondarylevel,thesuc

29、cessivewordsarecomposedofthephonological unitsj,u:,g,etc.,whicharemeaninglessontheirown,butmeaningfulwhencombinedintosegmentsofmeaningfulunits.Primarylevel(meaningfulunits)You go to sleep.Secondarylevel(meaningless)j,u:,g,t,s,p,etc.23第23页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三Acommunicationsystemwithdualityis considered

30、 more flexible than one without it,for a far greater number of messages can be sent.A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning(words),and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.1.3.3 Creativity(创造性创造

31、性)By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.Because of dualitythespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofthemareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Forexample:I bought a book yesterday.Yesterday I bought a book.A book

32、I bought yesterday.24第24页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三“recursive”means a rule that can reapply to a form or construction that is itself partly or wholly derived by it.Forexample:NP det+N(+Prep phrase)Prep phrase Prep+NP The recursiveness of languageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentenceswithlimit

33、edlinguisticunitsForexample:(NPThe fish PPinNP the pool PPin the garden)He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who25第25页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三 NPDet N(+Prep)Prep NP Det N(+Prep)Prep NP Det NThe fish in the pool in the garden26第26页，共73页，编辑

34、于2022年，星期三1.3.4 Displacement移置性移置性(Displaced Speech)Itmeanshuman languages enable their users to describe objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.Aspeakercansay“I was frightened”,he/sheisnotfearfulatall.WecanrefertoConfucius,orthe North Pole

35、,eventhoughthefirsthasbeendeadforover2550yearsandthesecondissituatedfarawayfromus.Displacement benefits human beings by giving us the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.Oncewecantalkaboutphysicallydistantthing,weacquiretheabilitytounderstandconceptswhichdenote“non-things”,suchastruthan

36、dbeauty.27第27页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三Animal communication is normally under“immediate stimulus control”.Forinstance,a warning cry of a birdinstantlyannouncesdanger.Human language is stimulus-free.Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulusintheworldoranyinternalstate.Cultural transmissio

37、n（文化传播）（文化传播）Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Ahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.Animal call systems are genetically transmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltotho

38、seofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.28第28页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三.1.4 The origin of languageThe divine-origin theoryLanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.“In the beginning was the Word,and the Word was with God,and the Word was God.”(Gospel,John1:1)“And the Lord said,Behold,the people is one,and they have all one la

39、nguage;and this they begin to do;and now nothing will be restrained from them,which they have imagined to do.”(Genesis,11:6)The bow-wow theoryIntheprimitivetimespeopleimitate the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.29第29页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三Onom

40、atopoeic words serve as a convenient evidence,buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.The pooh-pooh theoryInthehardlifeofourancestors,they uttered instinctive sounds of pain,anger,and joy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversal

41、useofsoundsasinterjections:“Oh”,“Ah”,“aiyo”，etc.These sounds gradually developed into language.What makes the theory problematic is that there is only a limited number of interjections in almost all languages.Besides,interjectionssuchas Oh,Ah,Oops bearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguagea

42、ndthereforearenotgoodevidence.30第30页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三The yo-he-yo theoryAs primitive people worked together,they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.We do have prosodic use of rhythms in languages,butrhythmic grunts are far Different from langu

43、age in its present sense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.Theby-nowfruitlesssearchfortheoriginoflanguagesreflectspeoplesconcernwiththeoriginofhumanityandmaycomeupwithenlighteningfindingsinfuture.Onethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts.31第31

44、页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三1.5 Functions of Language(语言的功能语言的功能)Definition:Any of the kinds of things that can be done in,or through the use of,language.Thusanutterancemaygiveinformation，showthatthespeakerisangry,trytogetsomeonetodosomething,etc.Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract

45、sense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.32第32页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三 The classifications of functions of languagea.According to

46、Bhler(1930s):The Darstellung(representation)functionrepresentingthestatesoftheworld.Ausdruck(expression)functionReflectingstatesofmindofthespeaker.Appell(lit appeal)functioninbeingdirectedtowardsahearer.33第33页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三b.According to Jakobson(1960)ForJakobson,language is above all for commun

47、ication.Forhimreferenceisnottheonly,noteventheprimarygoalofcommunication.Inhisfamousarticle,Linguistics and Poetics,he defined six primary factors of any speech event:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.In conjunction with these,Jakobson established a well-known framework of language func

48、tions based on the six key elements of communication:34第34页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三contextReferentialaddressermessageaddresseeEmotivePoeticConative(e.g.intonationshowinganger)(e.g.poetry)(e.g.imperativesandvocatives)contactPhatic(e.g.“Hello,doyouhearme?”)codeMeta-lingualJakobsonsviewsofthefunctionsoflangu

49、agearestillofgreatimportance.35第35页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三 Referential function:to convey message and information Poetic function:to indulge in language for its own sake Emotive function:to express attitudes,feelings and emotions Conative function:to persuade and influence others through commands and ent

50、reaties Phatic function:to establish communion with others Metalingual function:to clear up intentions,words and meaningsThey correspond to such communication elements:36第36页，共73页，编辑于2022年，星期三c.According to Halliday(1994)Inhisearlierworks,Halliday proposed seven categories of language functions by o