外研版高中英语必修三知识点-语法总结.doc

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1、优质文本必修三知识点汇总Module 1 Europe重要短语：优质文本because of因为thanks to由于；多亏了due to/owing to由于as a result of由于的结果 be covered by/withbe known for/as/tomake A out of B用B制成Amake A into B/be made ofwork on从事/做工作；忙于havein commonrefer to参考/指的是/涉及/适用于have control over/of对有控制权beyond control无法控制under control被控制住out of con

2、trol 失去控制in the control of由控制/管理/负责lose control of对失去控制have a population of有多少人口little by little渐渐地in ones thirties优质文本compare A with/and B比拟A和Bcompareto把比作.compared with/to与比拟起来belong toincrease(reduce) to/byin the long/short term就长/短期而言come to terms=make terms达成协议，和好bring sb. to terms使某人接收条件be fac

3、ed with面临，面对优质文本off the coast在(离开海面的)海岸上ever since自从/一直优质文本on the one /other hand一方面/另一方面be located in=lie in=be situated in坐落于There+be/exist/lie/stand/appear+主有存在beopposite to在对面，与相反just the opposite恰恰相反优质文本keep a cool head保持头脑清醒lose ones head惊慌失措，失去理智head for朝着前进get into a difficult situation陷入困难的

4、状况get out of a difficult situation摆脱困难的状况save the situation挽回局势优质文本in terms of根据/从方面来说/从的观点face to face 优质文本along the coast优质文本优质文本重要句型：1. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. one of the +形容词最高级+ 可数名词复数 最。之一2. Portugal is to the west of Spain. 表示位置: A is/lies in/on/to/off the+方向+of B

5、 A is located/situated in/on/to/off the+方向+of B位置+距离: A is (about)+距离+to the+方向+of Bin ,on和to表地理方位的区别1 表示A在B的范围内2 强调A和B两地接壤时，用on.3 A在B的范围之外，两者之间没有所属关系时用to。如：Our school is to the west of the hospital.我们学校在医院的西面。3. on the coast和off the coaston表示“位于河畔或铁路，公路及海岸等沿线上；off表示“稍离陆地，在沿岸的海里。如：4. 表示倍数的四种句型： 1Thi

6、s bridge is 3 times longer than that one.这座桥比那座桥长3倍。 2) This bridge is 4 times as long as that one这座桥是那座桥的4倍长。 3A is times the size/length/width/height/depth of B This room is 3 times the size of that one.这间房间的大小是那间的3倍。 4) A + v. times as many/much + n.+ as B The factory has produced 3 times as many

7、 cars as it did last year. 这个厂今年的汽车产量是去年的3倍。语法要求：一： 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词(+by) 构成。被动语态发生时态变化时只变be形式，过去分词不变。 现在时被动语态：am/ is/ are + 过去分词 过去时被动语态：was/ were + 过去分词二：主谓一致：本单元主要强调第二个原那么 语法一致原那么。句子的主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。注意：(1) something, everybody, nobody , either, neither, each等不定代词

8、作主语时，谓语需用单数。(2) 当主语后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, like, including, except, rather than, but, 等时，谓语动词的单复数形式仍然要与这些词语前面的主语保持一致。3表示时间，重量，长度，价格等的复数名词，作主语从整体来看时，谓语动词用单数。4非谓语动词，从句或其他短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Early to bed and early to rise is healthful.5如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词，但前面有each, every, no 等词修饰

9、时，谓语用单数。例如： Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.6) 谓语动词用单数的情况：many a ，more than one，Every and every/，noand no/eachand eachone and a half，aor two，a/the (and) 指同一人、事物或概念the number ofa great deal of / a large amount of2. 意义一致原那么。1)一些集合名词，如：family, enemy, class, population, arm

10、y等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要根据实际含义而定。当表示整体意义时，用单数；当强调个体成员时，用复数。如：2 由there或here引起的主语，而又不止是一个时，采取就近原那么。例如： Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.3. 邻近性原那么。neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, or连接两个名词或代词作主语时；由there, here引导的句子，并且主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与邻近它的主语保持一致。 优质文本Module 2重要短语：优质文本agree to the plan (

11、suggestion, proposal) 同意建议，安排 measure sth in/by sth用来衡量agree with sb.同意某人的观点或看法，适合 agree on/upon sth达成协议一致意见make efforts/ an effort to do sth. 努力做某事 spare no effort不遗余力with/without effort费力地/毫不费力地优质文本get(be) close to靠近，接近，即将发生as a result of由于as a result结果result in导致result from由引起in/during the last t

12、en yearsreceive a good educationbe willing to do sth.make comparisons作比拟be connected withat the top of /at the bottom oflive with与.住/忍受up to直到/到为止/多达make progress进步be similar to与相似encourage sb to do sth take measures to do采取措施be crowded with充满，满是in exchange for交换 achieve ones goal on a high/low inco

13、me高/低收入income tax (个人)所得税with the development of under development在开展中figure out算出/解决/理解/弄明白be up to=be fit for胜任，适合于 life expectancy预期寿命;平均寿命优质文本优质文本重要句型：1.be be important to sb.of+抽象名词=be+该名词的同根形容词eg. His advice is of value to us. = valuable This dictionary is of great use. =usefulWhat he said is

14、of importance for you. = important2. till ：直到up to sth be fit for ：胜任Li Ping is not up to his job.be busy in doing sth ：忙着做be up to sb=be left to sb to decide ：由决定/ 负责3. sure1) make sure表示“务必，“确信，“弄明白，后面常接 of/about sth.或that引导的宾语从句。 Make sure(that) you will arrive there on time. 你务必准时到这。 I know ther

15、es a train this afternoon, but I must make sure of the time.2be sure of, be sure that 对有把握，对确定，确信Can we be sure of his honesty. /Can we be sure that he is honest? Im sure of winning the game. 3) be sure to do 说话人推测主语“一定；必然会或 (常用于祈使句)务必做某事He is sure to be back soon. 他一定会很快回来。 Be sure not to forget it

16、. 千万别忘了。 注意：be sure of 与be sure to do的区别： .He is sure of his success. =He is sure that he will succeed. 他确信他会成功。 .He is sure to succeed. 他一定会成功。(说话人的看法) . Be sure to write and tell me all your news. 务必来信把你所有情况都告诉我。另外，常见的与sure相关的短语还有：be sure of oneself 有自信心，for sure确实；确实地， sure enough果真，果然。 用于口语，此时的“

17、Sure.相当于“Of course. 与“Certainly.。 4. From the agreement came the Human Development Report. 表示方位或方式的副词和介词短语放在句首用完全倒装, 即谓语动词完全置于主语之前。At the foot of the mountain lies a small village. Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。 Here comes the bus. 车来了。(To the) south of our school stand many shops. 【局部倒装】only修饰副词、

18、介词短语或状语从句，放于句首否认副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等放于句首 so+adj/adv+(倒装)+ that1. Only when he returned did we find out the truth (We found out the truth only when he returned.)2. Never before have I seen such a moving film.(I have never seen such a moving film before)3. So clearly does he spea

19、k English that he can always make himself understood.(He speaks English so clearly that)5 S.+ be + adj. + to do easy/ good/ safe/comfortable/ dangerous/hard/ difficult1).The water is not pure to drink (drink)2).He needs a chair comfortable to sit on.(sit )3).The young man felt the room cold to live

20、in (live) 语法要求：but和however的联系和区别however作副词用时,表示“然而；但是,可以位于句首、句中和句末；位于句首时,要用逗号与句子其它局部隔开；位于句中时,其前后都要用逗号；位于句末时其前用逗号分开.however与but 两者都做“但是,然而讲,而且都引出并列句.从语义上看,but所表示的是非常明显的比照,转折的意味较however要强.从语序上看,but总是位于所引出的分句之首,而however却可位于句首、句中和句末,同时从标点符号上看,but之后一般不得使用逗号,而however那么必须用逗号与句子其它局部分开.2. although引导状语从句 Modu

21、le3重要短语:优质文本pick upat sea迷茫on averagenatural disastercatch fire失火/着火pour down倾泻而下set fire to放火烧manage to do sth.put out熄灭report on报道fall downfrom side to sidein all总共，合计not at all一点也不，别客气after all毕竟，终究above all首先，尤其是first of all首先come to an end结束，完结turn over移交; 翻转according totake placea total of总数为优

22、质文本in ruins严重受损，破败不堪fall into ruin已成废墟bring sb. to ruin消灭某人end up到达或来到某处end up doing sth.以做某事为结束bury oneself in sth.埋头于、专心致志于某事物be buried in埋头于，专心致志于it occurs to sb. + that-clause某人突然想到on the same latitude在同一纬度warn sb. (not)to do sth.警告某人不干某事warn sb. of sth.警告某人留神某事be experienced in/at在方面有经验优质文本重要句型

23、:1.A good idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个好主意strike sb.+介词+the +具体部位 打某人的某个部位eg. strike him on the back打某人的背 hit sb in the face打某人的脸pat sb on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀 be struck by被所打动，被迷住【注意区分】strike, hit, beat, knockstrike “(钟)敲打，撞击，袭击， 表示有力的打一下。beat 连续地打，心脏的跳动，在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方，也可表示殴打，体罚。hit 瞄准某物而击中。也可表示“

24、袭击knock 用拳头或硬的东西“敲、击、打2.wordsmeaningsoccur偶然发生；突然想起 It occurred to sb. that .happen偶然发生；碰巧 It happened that / sb. happen to do sth.break out(战争、火灾、疾病、争吵) 突然爆发take place(有方案地)发生; 举行3.There was the possibility of It is possible that语法要求：1. by the time意为“到时候为止，是一个介词短语，在句中经常起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。它的主要用法如下：1).如果

25、从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成时，表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成，即过去的过去。By the timedid, sb. had done sth. By the time he returned home，the rain had stopped.2).如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时/或现在完成时表示将来，那么主句中的谓语动词常为将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成。By the timedo/does, sb. will have done sth.By the time you get back，I shall ha

26、ve finished the work. 3).如果主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，主句是be的系表形式或者是表示像know, find, believe等表示认知的持续性动词，那么往往用一般时态，不用完成时态。此时主句不用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time相当于when。 例如： He was out of breath by the time he reached the top. 登上顶端时，他气喘吁吁。2. 过去完成时的被动语态：had+过去分词3. 间接引语。英语中常用两种方式引用别人的话。一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，叫

27、直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。如果把直接引语变为间接引语，从句中的人称、时态、代词、时间状语和地点状语等一般都要作相应的改变。3. 定语从句。Module 4重要短语优质文本cut out剪除;切掉;割掉cut up切碎;使伤心cut of切断;停掉;隔绝cut in插嘴cut down砍掉;消减dig up挖出优质文本be caught in被困在(风、雨、雪)中 catch up with赶上;跟上 catch hold of抓住,握住catch sight of看见 walk up to认识到/意识到 sweep away扫除/去除/冲走/刮走take in吸入空

28、气;欺骗;体会;收容 give out分发;发出(气味、热气)；用尽优质文本take away带走take off 脱下,拿掉,起飞take on承当take up举起,开始做;占据give up放弃give in屈服;让步,投降give off送出;发出光等give away赠送;放弃;泄漏;出卖have an effect on 优质文本complain to sb向诉苦/发牢骚complain about/of sth抱怨某事one after another一个接一个look through仔细检查be part of成为的一局部 masses of/a mass of许多,大量the

29、 masses群众,平民in the mass大体而论,总体上a weather forecast天气预报give/make a forecast预言,预报solve problems if possible如果可能if any如果有的话if necessary如果需要的话if so如果是这样的话if ever如果曾经有的话if not不这样的话think seriously about认真考虑优质文本prevent/stop/keep(from)doingin a nutshell/ in a word/ in brief/ in short一言以蔽之be concerned for/abo

30、ut/over 对关心,担忧,忧虑be concerned with/in与有关as far as sth.is concerned就某事而言优质文本 重要句型1. appear to似乎，好似/ It appears that He is only forty , but appears to be (be) quite old. It appears to me thatThe girl appears to have known (know) it. 这女孩好似已经知道了这件事。It appears to me that you are all mistaken. 我觉得你们全错了。2.

31、wordsmeaningsstrength着重指人的力气，物的强度。force自然力量；暴力，势力；法律，道德，感情力量；军事力量等energy主要指人的精力；自然界的能量power用途最广，包括能力，功能；事物的力量；职权，权力或政权3. sothat/ such that. 引导结果状语从句【注意】1)such 与 so 2)little少/小3)当so 或such 置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。The boy was so frightened that he didnt know what to do.改为倒装句：So frightened was the boy that he di

32、dnt know what to do.4.I couldnt agree with you more / it couldnt be worseif possible语法要求：一：to do不定式(一)结构: to do (否认) not to do (二)不定式的各种时态主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing -完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing-(三)用法1). 主To see is to believe.Its important to learn .用it作形式

33、主语.2). 表My job is to help the patient. Your task is to clean the classroom.3) 宾I want to go home.think/ consider/ find /make/feel it + adj.+ to do 常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：hope, refuse, learn, set out choose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan. 4). 宾warn, tell, allow, help, ask, forceThe teacher told me to

34、clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.五看watch see look at observe notice三使let make have二听listen to hear一感觉: feel不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反那么带to.She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to go.What do you like to do besides sleep.注：在can

35、t but ，cant help but ，cant choose but 意思是不得不，只能，只好，的结构后， 不定式不带to5). 定语I have something to say.(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,那么不定式中要有介词.)不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。主谓关系He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。同位关系We all have a chance to go to college

36、.我们都有上大学的时机。不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，即使是及物动词，不定式后面仍须有相应的介词。 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。注意比拟：Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？不定式to send的动作执行者是youDo you have anything to be se

37、nt?你有什么要我或别人寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else6) 状I came here to see you.in order to , so as to ,enough to ,only to , too.to.,(7).独立结构To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt

38、know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest? 固定句型:had better/had best + (not) do sth. 最好不做某事Why (not) do sth.?prefer to do/prefer doingpre

39、fer n./doing to n./doing prefer to do rather than (to) do would rather (not) do sth.would rather do than (do) would rather sb. did虚拟语气 要做(1).They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)(2). He pretended to be sleeping.(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(3).She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表

40、示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).Were happy to have been working with you.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)Module 5重要短语：优质文本be related to与.有关be equal to等于human beingbe born good人之初,性本善tell the time报时bring up养育,教育;提出;呕吐bring down使倒下,消减bring back恢复,使想起bring in收(庄稼);引进be at war with与.交战live a (n)lifefollow / take

41、 ones advice优质文本a sense of responsibility责任感make sense 有意义,讲的通make sense of懂,理解优质文本There is no sense in doing sth做某事不明智/没意义 reach /arrive at/ draw/ come to a conclusion 得出结论优质文本in conclusion最后，总之make a contribution to in some ways在某些方面lay stress on sth. 强调某事put stress on sth.place stress on sth. str

42、ess the importance ofinfluence sb. to do sth. 影响某人做某事优质文本be influenced It is/was a time when那是一个的时期优质文本travel from state to state 周游列国The reason why is that 的理由是The reason for sth. is that 某事的理由是argue with sb about/over sth某人争论argue for 据理力争argue against反对in good/ poor condition状况良好(不好)on one condit

43、ion有一个条件on condition that如果,条件是,只要on no condition决不no faster than和一样不快= as slowly as 优质文本重要句型：1.order n. & v. 秩序，顺序，命令，订购，eg.1)Then they called out our names in order and we answered yes or no . (翻译) 然后他们按顺序点我们的名字，我们答复对错。out of order 无序的，杂论无章的 in order (of) 以顺序in order to 为了 in order that 为了 place a

44、n order with sb for sth 向某人订购某put in order 按顺序排列，整齐摆放2. If ,then 3. No more than语法要求：一：限制性定语从句：用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词：that，which，who, whom, whose, as 关系副词：when, where, how, why 注意：1. 介词放在关系代词前面时，介词宾语只能用which代物，用whom代人。 2. 在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任介词宾语而介词在句尾时，关系代词可省略。3. 有时为了行文需要，定语从句中的关系代词和局部谓语动词可省略。Module 6重要短语：优质文本provide sth. for sb. /sb. with sthdate from /back to起源于out of