高考高频易混词语辨析--整理：Geoffrey.doc

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1、精品文档高考高频易混词语辨析北京大学特聘教授、北京市中学英语特级教师、北京师范大学特聘教授 程中一1. celebrate, congratulate celebrate 和 congratulate 的区别：(1) celebrate 意思是举行仪式、典礼的“庆祝，只能用事节日、胜利、成功等作宾语；We had a party to celebrate Mothers silver wedding. 我们举行宴会庆祝母亲的银婚纪念日。(2)congratulate 意思是“祝贺；道贺，只能用人作宾语，假设要说明所祝贺的事情，后面要用 on (upon) 连接，例如：We congratula

2、ted her on winning the contest. 我们祝贺她在比赛中获胜。I will congratulate you (up) on your success. 我预祝你成功。注意：译：他们下星期为你庆贺生日。误：They will congratulate your birthday next week.正：They will celebrate your birthday next week.自我测试根据句意，用 celebrate 和 congratulate 的适当形式填空。1. I _ you on the birth of a son.2. We should _

3、 the boy for keeping a cool head.3. He _ his birthday with a banquet.4. We _ our national Day every year.5. They held a party to _ the victory.答案：1. congratulate 2. congratulate 3. celebrated 4. celebrate 5. celebrate2. chance, opportunity chance 和 opportunity 这两个单词都可以表示“时机，但含义不同。(1)chance 指侥幸的或偶然的时

4、机,或无法解释的 “天意 或 “命运 所安排的时机，意为运气，时机。Its the chance of lifetime. 这是千载难逢的时机。(2) opportunity 指符合人们意向或目的的一般时机，或指某一特定时机，有利于做某件事以实现某种抱负与愿望，意为：良机，时机。二者常可交换使用。例如：What a wonderful opportunity! 多么难得的时机呀！They had no chance/opportunity to escape. 他们没有逃跑的时机。I had no chance/opportunity to see him. 我没时机见到他。I never m

5、iss a chance/opportunity of playing football. 我从不放弃任何踢足球的时机。I wish Id had your chances/opportunities. 但愿我曾获得你那样的好时机。注意: 表示偶然性，强调“命运的安排时，chance 比 opportunity 更好。例如：Chance plays an important part in many card games. 在很多纸牌游戏中，运气起着重要的作用。A wise man turns chance into good fortune. 聪明人能把时机变成好运气。 chance 还可表

6、示 “可能性，opportunity 没有这种用法，例如：The chances are ten to one that we will win. 我们获胜的可能性是十比一。自我测试根据句意，用 chance 和 opportunity 的适当形式填空。1. Dont let slip any _ of improving you.2. There are not many promotion _ in this company.3. I am glad to have this _ of speaking to you.4. By some strange _, we discovered

7、the error.5. This is the _ had been waiting for.6. There was no _ in such a system for the poor.7. There is little _ of meeting him again.答案：1. opportunity 2. opportunities 3. opportunity/chance 4. chance 5. chance 6. chance 7. chance3. choose, elect, select choose, elect 和 select 这三个动词都有 “挑选、“选择 的意

8、思，但各自的含义和用法有所不同。 1choose 是普通用语，指按自己的判断力或好恶来进行挑选，挑选可以在两者、也可以在任意多者之中进行，其后接 between A and/or B, sb./sth. from sb./sth., sb./sth. as sth.。例如：得在放弃工作和雇用保姆之间作选择。Could you choose me a good one from among them? 劳驾给我从中挑选一个好的,行吗？The students chose Gao Feng as their monitor. 学生们选顶峰当班长。 2select 表示在选择上比 choose 要考

9、虑得更细致，主要根据被选对象的优劣，选拔、精选出最正确或最适宜者，被挑选对象一般多于两个，其后面常常接 sb./sth. (from sb./sth.), sb./sth.(as sth.)。例如：He selected an appropriate birthday card from the rack for his mother. 他从架子上给母亲挑选了一张适宜的生日贺卡。Who was selected as the team leader? 选谁出来当队长？ 3elect指通过投票等方式正式地选出，常作 “选举、“推选 解，后面接sb.(to sth.), sb. (as) sth.

10、。例如：Ms. Mendel was elected to parliament. 门德尔女士中选为议员。We elected him (as) our team leader by a show of hands. 我们通过举手的方式选举他当队长。自我测试根据句意，用choose, elect 和 select 的适当形式填空。1. My wife took a long time to _ a new dress.2. They want to _ some from among them for seeds.3. There is nothing to _ between them.4.

11、 The people _ my brother as chairman.5. The girl _ the red sweater rather than the pink one.6. My wife was _ to the committee.7. Why didnt you _ a better subject for your composition?8. When people _ someone, they _ that person to represent them by voting.答案：1. choose/select 2. select 3. choose 4. e

12、lected 5. chose 6. elected 7. select 8. elect, choose4. contrary，opposite contrary 和 opposite 用作形容词，均可表示“完全相反的。(1) contrary 一般用于表示相反的意见、方案、目的等抽象意义，有时带有矛盾或敌对的意味：What you have done is contrary to the doctors orders. 你所做的与医生的指示恰好相反。Your statement is contrary to the facts. 你的陈述与事实相反。Opposite 和contrary 有

13、时可通用：The trains go in opposite/contrary directions. 火车朝着相反的方向行驶。要表达 black 和 white, calm 和 agitate 这样成对的概念时，即这一个是另一个的反面，不可说 Whats the contrary of “calm?而应说 Whats the opposite of “calm? calm镇静的反面是什么？(2) opposite 是常用词，常指相反的位置、方向、性质、结果等静态含义，但不一定有敌对的含义。Go into that opposite room, and wait there until I c

14、ome. 到对面那个房间去，在那儿等我回来。It would have just the opposite effect. 它会产生完全相反的结果。自我测试根据句意，用 contrary 和 opposite 填空。1 In England you must drive on the _ side of the road to rest of Europe.2. John and Mary sat at _ ends of the table.3. This is Number 6, so Number 13 must be on the _ side of the street.4. “Ho

15、t and “cold are _ term.5. The ship was delayed by _ wind.答案：1. opposite 2. opposite 3. opposite 4. contrary 5. contrary5. damage, destroy, ruin damage, destroy 和 ruin 这三个单词均表示“破坏、“损坏的意思，但各自的含义和用法不同。 (1)damage 指局部“损坏、“损害、“破坏或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词，也可以用作名词，用作名词时常与to sth. 连用。例如：A lot of houses in the area w

16、ere damaged by the storm. 暴风雨毁坏了这个地区很多的房屋。The accident did a lot of damage to his car. 这次车祸使他的车受到很大的损坏。 (2)destroy 只能用作动词，指彻底破坏，以致不可能修复，常作“破坏、“消灭解，也可以指希望、方案等打破。例如：The earthquake destroyed almost the whole town. 地震几乎消灭了整个市镇。My hope of being a writer was destroyed. 我想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。 (3)ruin 那么表示破坏严重，以致不

17、能修复，但这种破坏不像 destroy 那样消灭某物，而是强调致使该物的使用价值发生了问题。用作动词时，它作“使消灭、“使崩溃、“弄糟解；用作名词时，它表示“消灭、“瓦解、“废墟等抽象概念。ruin 也有借喻的用法。例如：The fire ruined the castle. 那场大火使城堡夷为废墟。He has ruined his health through drinking. 他饮酒过多，把身体搞垮了。The house has fallen into ruin. 房子倒塌了。The company is facing ruin. 这家公司面临破产。自我测试根据句意，用 damage,

18、 destroy 和 ruin的适当形式填空。1. There was no way of repairing the house. It had been _.2. A fire had severely _ part of the school.3. Several buildings were _ by the bomb.4. He _ his respects by carelessness.5. Many of the books were _ by fire.6. We passed the _ of an old castle.7. She poured water all ov

19、er my painting and _ it.8. All hopes of a peaceful settlement were _ by his violent speech.答案：1. ruined 2. damaged 3. destroyed 4. ruined 5. damaged 6. ruin 7. ruined 8. destroyed 6. escape, flee escape 和 flee 这两个词都有“逃的意思，但其含义和用法都不尽相同。(1) escape 含到达安然逃脱的结果之意。例如：He Hong escaped from prison. 何洪越狱逃跑。No

20、ne of them escaped being caught. 他们又被抓获，一个也没有逃掉。He was thankful to escaped being caught. 他庆幸未被捉获。(2)flee 侧重逃时的急促状况。He fled his native village to join the Red Army. 他逃离家乡去参加红军。说明：flee只用于过去时和现在完成时，进行时和将来时用 fly 代替。fly 作“逃出解时，过去式和过去分词为fled. 自我测试根据句意，用 escape 和 flee 的适当形式填空。1. The customers _ from the ba

21、nk when the alarm sounded2. The people have vowed not to let the traitor gang _ punishment.3. Even if the enemy had wings, they could no _ from our encirclement.4. They enemy troops _ in all directions.5. The soldier _ from the enemys prison.答案：1. fled 2. escape 3. escape 4. were fleeing 5. escaped7

22、. excuse，forgive，pardon excuse，forgive 和pardon都可在与人交往时表示歉意或客气，主要区别是：1excuse是个最普通的用词，forgive语气最强。2excuse不能带双宾语，而forgive和pardon可带。例如：Forgive(Pardon) me my rudeness. 请原谅我的粗鲁。3如未听清对方的话，请对方重说一遍，一般用I beg your pardon或Pardon，且说话时用升调。但对于很熟悉或年龄比自己小很多的人，也可说Whats that或What did you say，且用升调。4其他情况下三者有如下区别：excuse指

23、原谅一个人的过失或疏忽。例如：She forgave him and married him. 她原谅了他，并与他结了婚。We will not forgive the enemy their crimes. 我们不会饶恕敌人的罪行。pardon一般表示宽恕较严重的过失，语气较excuse强。 如果指法律上的赦免，那么只用pardon，不用excuse或forgive。例如：The governor pardoned the criminal. 州长赦免了那个罪犯。8. factory，mill，plant，works factory, mill, plant 和 works 这四个词都是“工

24、厂的意思，但用法上有所不同。 (1)factory 属一般用语，泛指任何制造物品的场所，不过它常指food, clothing, shoe, radio, glass, soap, auto等一类的工厂。例如：There is a huge food/auto factory outside the town. 城外有一个大食品厂/汽车制造厂。 (2) mill 的原意是“磨坊，多用于指轻工业工厂，诸如 cotton, silk, textile, paper, flour, oil 等一类的工厂。mill 也可以指钢厂。例如：Her sister worked in a textile/fl

25、our mill for three years. 她姐姐在一间纺织厂/面粉厂工作过三年。There is a steel-mill near the middle school. 学校附近有一家钢铁厂。 (3) plant 一般指电气业或机械制造方面的工厂，常指 power, bicycle, machinery, aircraft, ship-building, tractor, auto 等方面的工厂。例如：The villagers built a machine tools plant and an electric-power plant last year. 去年村民建造了一个机

26、床厂和一个发电厂。 (4) works 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，用作单数，常与 iron, steel, brick, salt, chemical, printing, gas, ice 等词连用。例如：This year the output of the iron and steel works/ice works has increased by 30.57% as compared with that of last year. 今年这个钢铁厂/制冰厂的产量比去年增加了30.57%。自我测试根据句意，用factory, mill, plant 和 works 的适当形式填空。1.

27、 Our company has three machinery _ in China.2. The steel _ is closed for the holidays.3. The farmers started the glass _ in May, 2005.4. Cotton cloth is made in a cotton _.1. My sisters work in a shoes _.2. The workers at the power _ belong to the union.3. The deep recession in the world steel was w

28、orsening, _ were working below capacity.答案：1. plants 2. works 3. factory 4. mill 5. factory 6. plant 7. plant 8. mills9. fairly，ratherfairly 和 rather 这两个副词都可以用作程度副词，作“相当地、“十分地、“颇解，但各自的含义和用法有差异。 (1)fairly 一般用来修饰表示褒义或含有“合意的、“想要的意义的形容词，如 good, well, nice, pretty, diligent, bravely 等。fairly 不能与 too 连用，也

29、不可以修饰含比拟级的形容词或副词。例如：Miss Li speaks English fairly well. 李小姐的英语讲得相当好。If you go to town at night, the buses are fairly empty. 如果你晚上进城，公共汽车相当空。 (2) rather 那么一般修饰表示贬义或含有“不合意的、“不想要的意义的形容词或副词，如 bad, lazy, stupid, late, tired, crowded 等。Rather 可以与 too 连用，也可以修饰含比拟级的形容词或副词，表示“一点点、“稍许的意思。另外，假设被修饰的形容词后又接一个单数可数

30、名词，rather 可以放在不定冠词之前，也可以置于其后。例如：This book is rather too difficult for a child of eleven. 这部书对于一个11岁的小孩来说是太难了一点。His father is feeling rather better today. 他父亲今天感觉得好一点。This is a rather/rather an interesting story. 这是一本颇为有趣的故事。自我测试根据句意，用 fairly 和 rather 的适当形式填1. The morning is now _ bright and warm.2.

31、Thais _ a silly question.3. I have eaten _ more than I intended.4. “I think John is _ lazy. “Oh, I dont agree. He is _ diligent.5. This book is _ too difficult for him and _ too essay for us.答案：1. fairly 2. rather 3. rather 4. rather, fairly 5. rather, rather10. fault，mistake，error fault, mistake 和

32、error 都可以翻译成汉语的“缺点、错误，但含义和用法有所不同。 (1)fault 一般多指性格上的弱点，行为上的过失，强调对过失的应负的责任。例如：Its your own fault that you failed in the examination. 重在责任考试失败是你犯的过错造成的。With all your faults, you are still a good comrade. 你虽有缺点，但仍是一个好同志。注意：find fault with sth. 意为“找岔，挑毛病fault 前无冠词，不用复数。如：They like to find fault with my w

33、ork. 他们就喜欢从我的工作中找岔。He did not find much fault with my work. 他并没有从我的工作中找到多少错误。假设改用 many faults 那么含有“成心找毛病之意。 (2) mistake 最通俗最常用。意为“错误、误会、误解、弄错，多指缺乏正确理解造成的行动上、认识上的错误。如：Be careful, and make no mistake. 留神，不要弄错了。You cant arrest me! There must be some mistake! 你们不能抓我，一定是搞错了。It was a mistake to leave my u

34、mbrella at home. 把伞忘在家里是个错误。 (3) error 比拟正式，可指品德上的错误。常指按某一既定标准而发生的错误。如：印刷错误、笔误、计算错误、技术错误、语法错误等。例如：There is printerserror. 有一些印刷错误。指不符合印刷标准的要求Please pardon any error that you may discover in my letter. 信中如有错误，请原谅。指笔误You made an error in your culculations. 你出了个计算错误。 (4) mistake 常可与 error 互换。例如：Your es

35、say is full of mistakes. 你的文章净是错。He made a mistake (an error in grammar, conversation, spelling, pronunciation, calculation) (5) 应注意习惯上的搭配，不要随意互换。例如： “从错误中学习习惯说 learn by ones mistake. “弄错了习惯说 do sth. by mistake 或 do sth. in error “是我错了习惯说 This is my fault. 或 Im in the wrong 或Im wrong. “你猜错了习惯说 You g

36、uessed wrong/wrongly. “误会、误解习惯说 get it wrong.自我测试根据句意，用fault, mistake 和 error 的适当形式填空。1. Its easy to find _ with the suggestions of theirs.2. Its his own _ that he failed in the college entrance examination.3. There are a few grammatical _ in the book.4. No one is proof against _.5. In transcribing

37、the characters from the bronze, he made a number of _.1. You are laboring under an _.2. You are in _.答案：1. fault 2. fault 3. mistakes/errors 4. mistakes 5. errors 6. error 7. error 11. fear，frighten，terrify，horrify fear, frighten, terrify 和 horrify 都有“害怕的意思，但是其含义不尽相同。 (1)fear 最普遍，而语气最弱，它可表示对某事感到不安，也

38、可表示“怕受到某事的侵扰。大多数情况下用作及物动词，可接名词、代词、不定式或动名词。例如：She has always feared mice. 她一向害怕老鼠。Dont fear to tell the truth. 不要害怕说出真实情况。He looked out of the window, seeing nothing to fear. 他从窗口往外看，一点也不害怕。Fear 还可以跟that从句，常有“恐怕的意思。例如：She feared that she might not find him in his office. 她恐怕在办公室里找不到他。 (2)frighten 常用作

39、及物动词，意为“使害怕，常指没有精神准备，突然受到惊吓而害怕，恐惧。还常用于be frightened 这一结构，后面接of 短语或动词不定式。如：These words frightened me. 这些话把我吓了一跳。She was frightened of dogs. 她害怕狗。He left his gun outside so as not to frighten his wife. 为了不吓着他的妻子他把枪放在外边。He was frightened to look down from the top of the tall building. 他害怕从高楼顶往下看。 (3)te

40、rrify常用作及物动词，意为“使害怕、“使惊恐，这种恐惧指客观环境造成的。例如：The thunderstorm terrified the children. 大雷雨把这孩子吓坏了。Li Li was terrified by his appearance. 他的出现使李利感到害怕。 (4)horrify常用作及物动词，意为“使感到恐怖震惊。例如：The news will horrify your mother. 这消息会使你母亲感到震惊。She was horrified at/by the news. 听到这个消息她感到震惊。自我测试根据句意，用 fear, frighten, te

41、rrify 和 horrify 的适当形式填空。1. The fighters for communism _ fear hardship or death.2. _ by the thunder, the child started crying.3. _ he might be recognized, he decided to go out at night.4. He was _ of being killed in the battle.5. That sort of thing _ people.6. The sight _ them.7. We were _ to hear the news.答案：1. fear 2. Frightened 3. Fearing 4. terrified 5. terrifies 6. horrified 7. horrified