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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。世界经济学-ASURVEYOFWORLDECONOMYIntroductionWhatisWORLDECONOMY?WORLDECONOMYreferstotheentiretyofallthenationaleconomieswhicharelinkedtogetherwithdifferenteconomiclinks.WhatisWORLDECONOMICS?WORLDECONOMICSisabranchofECONOMICSwhichstudiestheWORLDECONOMY.Thestart

2、ofthestudy:attheendof1970sIn1980-ChinaWorldEconomyAcademyThesourceofthisbranchofstudy:abranch-Economicsbackgroundandnecessaryconditions:Internationaldivisionoflabourinternationaltradetheworldmarkettheworldeconomy.Theobjectsofthebranchofstudy:theinternationalrelationsofproduction.1.tostudythenational

3、economiesofthecountriesintheworld,whicharepartsoftheworldeconomy2.tostudytheinternationaleconomicrelations.mechanismlinksthenationaleconomiestogetherdifferenteconomiclinksinternationaldivisionoflabourgoodsservicecapitaltransferoftechnology.3.tostudytheworldeconomyasawhole.thelawsofthechangesanddevel

4、opmentoftheworldeconomyworldeconomystudiesthesystemofeconomicdevelopmenthumanbeings-theprincipalpartofthesystemtheenvironmentandtheresourcesoftheearth-thebaseforthesystemChapterOneScientificRevolutionandtheWorldEconomy1. thedevelopmentofproductiveforces:thescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsintheh

5、istoryofhumanbeings;thesignificanceandimpactoftherevolutions2. theformationanddevelopmentoftheworldeconomyasaresultofthescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsbibliography:1. BasicEconomics,Hailstones&Mastrianna,9thedition,South-WesternPublishingCo.,Cincinnati,Ohio,19922. EconomicsToday,rogerLeroyMill

6、er,9thedition,Adisson-WesleyEducationEducationalPublishesInc.,19973. 世界经济学张伯里主编中共中央党校出版社2004年7月第1版4. 当代世界经济王广信赵丽娜主编人民出版社2002年3月第1版5. 世界经济新论庄起善主编复旦大学出版社2004年8月第1版世界经济概论池元吉主编高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版I.thedevelopmentoftheProductiveForcesandtheFormationoftheWorldEconomy1.theinfluenceoftheRenaissanceandoftheDisc

7、overyofthenewcontinenttheprimitiveeconomicsystem-lowproductiveforces-noworldeconomyRenaissanceliberatedpeoplethebeginningoftheRenaissance-DantesCommedia(14thcentury)Renaissance:theintermediatebetweentheMiddleAgesandthemoderntimes;thebeginningofcapitalistculturalideastheproductofthenew,risingcapitali

8、strelationsofproductionideologicalfeature:humanism,theenlightenment:in18thcenturyIn1492,Columbusdiscoveredthenewcontinent.thenewsearouteEuropeanports-internationaltradecenters:London,Antwerp,Lisbonasolidbaseforthebigjumpoftheeconomy.2.theimpactofthefirstscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheworld

9、economyIn18thcentury,thefirstscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsteamengine-workcontinuouslymachinemakesmachinesmoreproductsforthemarketsteamboatandsteamenginetrain-revolutioninthetransportindustrythecapitalistmodeofproductionIndustrywastotallyseparatedfromfarming.objectofthecapitalistmodeofproduct

10、ion:profit-pursuingmarkets-rawmaterialstheworldmarket-theworldeconomy3.theimpactofthesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheworldecnomyTime:inthe19thcenturyGermanyandtheUnitedStates:theheroesElectricity:anewkindofpowerOtherthings:radio,cable,telephone,internalcombustionengine,newskillsforste

11、el-making,newtechnologyinchemicalindustryheavyindustryautomobileindustry-theoilindustryThesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionstartedinheavyindustryIndustrythemostimportsectioninthenationaleconomies.Moreindustrializedcountriesimportrawmaterialsandexportfinishedproductsfarmingcountriesexportagr

12、iculturalproductsandotherrawmaterials,importindustrygoodstheinternationaldivisionoflabourdevelopedfurtherScienceandtechnologyactedandreactedoneachother.thestudyonthebasictheoriesandthescientificresearchworknewinventions:newcommunicationmethods,bigsteel-madeboat,carsandtrucks,andevenairplanetransport

13、(morequick,safe,convenientandcheep)internationalexchangeofgoodstheworldmarketthesystemoftheinternationaldivisionoflabourmoreefficientproductiontheworldmarket(forrawmaterialsandfinishedgoods)closerrelationofthecountriestiedtogetherbytheworldmarket4.theformationanddevelopmentoftheworldeconomya) Thedev

14、elopmentandformationoftheworldeconomywasaresultofthescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsb) ThesystemofinternationaldivisionoflabourTheeconomictiesbetweenthesuzerainstatesanditscoloniesorbetweentheadvancedindustrycountriesandthecountriesproducingrawmaterialsbecamemorestrengthened.aworldmarketformed.

15、c) theindustrycapital-thebankingcapitalfinancialcapitalfinancialoligarchtheexportofcapitald) theinternationalmonetarysystemestablishedaworldcurrencyorcurrenciesgoldandsilveractedastheworldcurrenciesthegoldstandardwasestablishedThegoldstandardhad3featuresFirst:Itestablishedasystemoffixedexchangerateb

16、etweenparticipatingcountries.Stableexchangerateswereconsideredanecessaryingredienttoincreasetradeamongnations.Second:thegoldstandardlimitedtherateofgrowthinacountrysmoneysupply.Thiswasduetothefactthatall“money”hadtobebackedbygold,andthesupplyofgoldintheworldincreasedslowlyduringthisperiodoftimeinhis

17、tory.Third:Goldservedasanautomaticadjustmenttoolforcountriesexperiencingbalanceofpaymentsproblems.Ifacountrywasrunningabalanceofpaymentsdeficit,goldwould,bymarketforces,flowoutofthecountry,decreasingeconomicactivityandpushingthebalanceofpaymentsbacktowardbalance.II.thethirdscientificandtechnological

18、revolutioncausedgreatimprovementinproductiveforces1. Thefactorswhichcausedthethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiona. thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyb. themotivationofcapitalforprofitsc. thegovernmentssupportforthescientificresearchd. coldwarmadethewestandtheeastcompeteforthemilitaryequipmen

19、ts2.theimpactofthirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiontime:startedattheendof1940splace:fromtheUS-theformerSovietUnion,Japan,andthewestEuropeandthentheothercountries.Peak:attheendof1960s.symbols:nuclearpower,computerandspacetechnologyNewpower,newmaterialsandelectronictechnologymadethethirdrevolutio

20、nmuchmoreremarkablethanthefirsttwoones.nuclearpower-theshortageofenergyandresources-supportsquickerdevelopmentofthescience,technologyandtheproduction.Man-madenewmaterialscomplexmaterials-intheaviationorspacetechnology,nowevenincarindustry.Plastic-usedinmanyplacesCputertooperatemachinetheimprovemento

21、ftheinternationaldivisionoflabour-theverticaloneandthehorizontalonethespecializationofthemultinationalcorporations(MNCs)theglobaloperativestrategies:theinternationalarrangementfortheR&Dprojects,productionandmarketing,theflowofcapitalandsoon.thereproductioncycleinternational:productiondistributionexc

22、hangeandconsume-internationalthefactorsofproductioninternational:capital,technology,rawmaterialsandlabourinternational.Theinternationalizationofproductionmaypushtheproductiveforcestorisetoanewlevel.Conclusion:divisionoflabourriseofproductiveforcesefficiencyoftheproductionfrequencyofexchangeofgoodsth

23、eearlysystemofthecapitalistinternationaldivisionoflabour-thefirstscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiontheworldmarket,theworldcurrency,thesystemofthecapitalistinternationaldivisionoflabourthebeginningofworldeconomythesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiontheimprovementofthesystemofthecapitalistint

24、ernationaldivisionoflabour(earlystageofinternationalizationofproduction)theworldmarket(barrierstotradeandsurplusofcapitaltheexportofcapital)internationalmonetarysystemworldeconomyThentheworldeconomyfinallyestablished.thethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionthe(mature)systemofthecapitalistinterna

25、tionaldivisionoflabour(internationalizationofproduction)theworldmarketworldeconomyThreestepsforworldeconomy:goods(international)(ortheinternationalizationofgoods)capital(international)(ortheinternationalizationofcapitals)production(international,afterthe3rdscientificandtechnologicalrevolution)(orthe

26、internationalizationofproduction)Nowtheworldeconomybecomessoimportantthatalmosteverycountryisinvolvedinitandhasitsownrolesinit.Ofcourse,somecountrieshavemoreimportantrolesinit.Othersmayhavelessimportantrolesinit.III.theinteneratingofthecapitalistindustrystructurethereproductioncycle-thecomparativede

27、creasinginput-thecomparativeincreasinginputlabour-intensiveandresources-intensiveindustriesknowledge-intensiveandtechnology-intensiveindustries.Therearetwokindsofinteneratingoftheindustry:1. Intensiveintenerating:withinoneindustry,theinputofmanuallabourdecreases,buttheinputforR&D,informationservicea

28、ndsoonincrease.2. Extensiveintenerating:sectionswhichmayprovideothersectionswithservicesofinformationandknowledgeappeartobemoreimportant.IV.thetrendsandlawsofthescientificandtechnologicalrevolution.1. thetrends:thechangesbecomequickerandquickertheresultofthechangesprovidesabaseforanewrevolution.2. t

29、helaws:1) theprogressofscienceandtechnologybecomesquickere.g.steamengine:fromresearchtoputtingintoproduction-100yearstelephone-56yearsradio-35yearsairplane-14yearstelevision-12yearstransistor-5yearssolarcell-2years2) theleadingindustries:Thetimefortheexchangeoftheleadingindustriesbecomesshorter.3) t

30、hechangeofscientificstructure:Scientificstructure:a) people(theirnumber,theirage,andtheirlevel)b) theirspecialization(thebasictheory,applyingtheory,naturalscience,socialscience,hardware,andsoftwareetc.)c) thelabandtheequipmentsandsoond) theinformationresourcesandeducationlevelThescientificstructurei

31、salwaysinadynamicstate.Questions:1. Howdoyouunderstand“theworldeconomy”?2. Howtheworldeconomywasformed?3. Pleaseillustratetheimpactofthefirstandthesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheformationoftheworldeconomy.4. Pleaseillustratetheimpactofthethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiononthe

32、worldeconomy.Howthethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionpromotedtheglobalizationoftheeconomy?ChapterTwoTheProductiveForcesandthecycleoftheworldeconomy1. businesscycle2. theeconomiccyclesoftheworldeconomyaftertheWorldWarIIthefeaturesofthecyclestheneweconomyandthecyclebibliography:1. BasicEconomic

33、s,Hailstones&Mastrianna,9thedition,South-WesternPublishingCo.,Cincinnati,Ohio,19922. EconomicsToday,rogerLeroyMiller,9thedition,Adisson-WesleyEducationEducationalPublishesInc.,19973. Economics,N.GregoryMankiw,3rdedition,TsinghuaUniversityPress20064. 世界经济学张伯里主编中共中央党校出版社2004年7月第1版5. 当代世界经济王广信赵丽娜主编人民出版

34、社2002年3月第1版6. 世界经济新论庄起善主编复旦大学出版社2004年8月第1版世界经济概论池元吉主编高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版businesscyclebasicproblemforthecapitalism-thedevelopmentofindustryisalwaysinterruptedbyperiodiceconomiccrisis.Thismakestheeconomicgrowthinthecapitalistcountriesunstable.strikingfeature-instability,fluctuationsBusinesscycle:therise

35、andfallofeconomicactivityrelativetotheeconomyslong-termgrowthtrend.Asthecycleprogresses,allpartsoftheeconomydisplaymarkedchangesinactivityastheymovethroughdistinctiveperiodsusuallycalledtrough,expansion,peak,andcontraction.Production,prices,income,andemploymentactivitiesallshowcharacteristicchangesd

36、uringthecycle;infact,nopartoftheeconomyisfreefromthiscycle.Extensivestudieshaveshownthatthesecyclicalfluctuationsarefoundineconomiesthroughouttheworld.1.Realorphysicalcauses:v InnovationTheory:thetheorythatbusinesscyclesarecausedbybreakthroughsintheformofnewproducts,newmethods,newmachines,ornewtechn

37、iques.v AgriculturalTheories:theoriesofthebusinesscyclethatrelatethegenerallevelofbusinessactivitytotheweather.2.psychologicalcauses:v PsychologicalTheory:thetheorythatwheninvestorsandconsumersreactaccordingtosomebeliefaboutfutureconditions,theiractionstendtotransformtheiroutlookintoreality.Rational

38、ExpectationsTheory:aneconomictheorysuggestingthatindividualsandbusinessactorreactaccordingtowhattheythinkisgoingtohappeninthefutureafterconsideringallavailableinformation.3.monetarycauses:MonetaryTheories:theoriesthatthebusinesscyclesiscausedbythefreeandeasyexpansionofthemoneysupply.4.spendingandsav

39、ingcauses:Under-consumptionTheories:theoriesthatthebusinesscycleiscausedbythefailuretospendallnationalincome,resultinginunsoldgoods,reducedtotalproduction,andconsequentreductionsinemploymentandincome.v Theeconomydoesnotdistributeenoughincomeamongthefactorsofproductiontopermitpurchaseofallthegoodsand

40、servicesproducedbytheeconomy.v Theeconomydoesdistributeenoughpurchasingpowertobuythetotalgoodsandservicesproducedbutthatnotalltheincomeorpurchasingpowerisused.Circularflowofincomev Circularflowofincomeisthecyclicaloperationofdemand,production,income,andnewdemand.v Income=demandproductiondistribution

41、(enough)(income)=newdemandv Incomespending(lessdemand)leakagesv Leakagesareflowsoutofthecircularflowthatoccurwhenfactorincomeisreceivedandnotspentdirectlyonpurchases.v Injectionsareaddedspendinginthecircularflowthatarenotpaidforoutoffactorincome.v UnderinvestmentTheory:thetheorythatrecessionsoccurbe

42、causeofinadequateinvestmentintheeconomy.v spendingonconsumptionislessthantotalincomethedifferencemusttaketheformofinvestmentPhasesoftheCyclestwophases:contraction扩张andexpansion收缩Thetop:peakThelowestpoint:troughfourphases:prosperity繁荣;recession衰退,不景气;depression萧条;recovery复苏recession:GDPcontinuouslyfo

43、rtwoquarter(demand,investment,employment,productionoutput,profit,evenstockpriceandinterestrate)depression:longandcontinuousrecessionspreadApeakexistswheneveranoverallhighlevelofeconomicactivityprevail.Acontractionoccurswheneverthelevelofbusinessactivitydropsnoticeably.Thetroughistheperiodwhentheleve

44、lofbusinessactivityhasdroppedasfarasitisgoingtodropinaparticularcycle.Expansionoccurswhenthelevelofbusinessactivitybeginstorise.Trough:lowincomelowdemandpricedownprofitlow(inspiteoflowcost)employmentlowlevelsofinvestmentlowinterestratedownIndustries:lessneedtoreplaceworn-outcapitalConsumers:lessneed

45、fordurablegoodsExpansion:Productionincreaseemploymentandincomeincreasedemandincreasepricerise(butcostriseslower)profitriselevelsofinvestmentincreaseinterestrateriseslowlyexpansionisonitswaytopeakPeak:Apeakgenerallyhasfavorablesocialandpoliticalconsequencesaswellasagoodeconomiceffectonsocietye.g.high

46、-levelprosperity.Contraction:Asproductionincrease,theeconomyeventuallyreachesthebottleneckstage.Downswingsarecertaintooccur.Patternofcycles:contractiontroughexpansionpeakcontractionOnceacontractionhasstarted,acumulativeactionamongseveralelementsintheeconomytendstoaugmentthedownswing.Duringthetrough,

47、however,otherforceseventuallyarrestthecontractionandstartanupwardmovement.Oncethisupwardmotionbegins,reactionsofindividualsandbusinessestendtoaugmenttheexpansion.Duringthepeak,however,forcesbuildupthateventuallycauseanewcontraction.fourforcesortypesofeconomicchangeaffectthelevelofbusinessactivity:(1) thetrend,(2) seasonalvariations,(3) randomfluctuations,(4) cyclicalfluctuations.Thetrendisthedirectionalmovementoftheeconomyoveranextendedperiodoftime,suchas20to30years.Seasonalvariationsarerecurringfluctuationsinbusinessactivityoveragivenp