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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。世界经济学课件-ASURVEYOFWORLDECONOMYIntroductionWhatisWORLDECONOMY?WORLDECONOMYreferstotheentiretyofallthenationaleconomieswhicharelinkedtogetherwithdifferenteconomiclinks.WhatisWORLDECONOMICS?WORLDECONOMICSisabranchofECONOMICSwhichstudiestheWORLDECONOMY.Thesta

2、rtofthestudy:attheendof1970sIn1980-ChinaWorldEconomyAcademyThesourceofthisbranchofstudy:abranch-Economicsbackgroundandnecessaryconditions:Internationaldivisionoflabourinternationaltradetheworldmarkettheworldeconomy.Theobjectsofthebranchofstudy:theinternationalrelationsofproduction.1.tostudythenation

3、aleconomiesofthecountriesintheworld,whicharepartsoftheworldeconomy2.tostudytheinternationaleconomicrelations.mechanismlinksthenationaleconomiestogetherdifferenteconomiclinksinternationaldivisionoflabourgoodsservicecapitaltransferoftechnology.3.tostudytheworldeconomyasawhole.thelawsofthechangesanddev

4、elopmentoftheworldeconomyworldeconomystudiesthesystemofeconomicdevelopmenthumanbeings-theprincipalpartofthesystemtheenvironmentandtheresourcesoftheearth-thebaseforthesystemChapterOneProductiveForcesandtheWorldEconomy1. thedevelopmentofproductiveforces:thescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsinthehis

5、toryofhumanbeings;thesignificanceandimpactoftherevolutions2. theformationanddevelopmentoftheworldeconomyasaresultofthescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsbibliography:1. BasicEconomics,Hailstones&Mastrianna,9thedition,South-WesternPublishingCo.,Cincinnati,Ohio,19922. EconomicsToday,rogerLeroyMiller

6、,9thedition,Adisson-WesleyEducationEducationalPublishesInc.,19973. 世界经济学张伯里主编中共中央党校出版社2004年7月第1版4. 当代世界经济王广信赵丽娜主编人民出版社2002年3月第1版5. 世界经济新论庄起善主编复旦大学出版社2004年8月第1版世界经济概论池元吉主编高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版I.thedevelopmentoftheProductiveForcesandtheFormationoftheWorldEconomy1.theinfluenceoftheRenaissanceandoftheDicove

7、ryofthenewcontinenttheprimitiveeconomicsystem-lowproductiveforces-noworldeconomyRenaissanceliberatedpeoplethebeginningoftheRenaissance-DantesCommedia(14thcentury)Renaissance:theintermediatebetweentheMiddleAgesandthemoderntimes;thebeginningofcapitalistculturalideastheproductofthenew,risingcapitalistr

8、elationsofproductionideologicalfeature:humanism,theenlightenment:in18thcenturyIn1492,Columbusdiscoveredthenewcontinent.thenewsearouteEuropeanports-internationaltradecentres:London,Antwerp,Lisbonasolidbaseforthebigjumpoftheeconomy.2.theimpactofthefirstscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheworldecn

9、omyIn18thcentury,thefirstscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsteamengine-workcontinuouslymachinemakesmachinesmoreproductsforthemarketsteamboatandsteamenginetrain-revolutioninthetransportindustrythecapitalistmodeofproductionIndustrywastotallyseparatedfromfarming.objectofthecapitalistmodeofproduction:

10、profit-pursuingmarkets-rawmaterialstheworldmarket-theworldeconomy3.theimpactofthesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheworldecnomyTime:inthe19thcentuyGermanyandtheUnitedStates:theheroesElectricity:anewkindofpowerOtherthings:radio,cable,telephone,internalcombustionengine,newskillsforsteel-ma

11、king,newtechnologyinchemicalindustryheavyindustryautomileindustry-theoilindustryThesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionstartedinheavyindustryIndustrythemostimportsectioninthenationaleconomies.Moreindustralizedcountriesimportrawmaterialsandexportfinishedproductsfarmingcountriesexportagricultura

12、lproductsandotherrawmaterials,importindustrygoodstheinternationaldivisionoflabourdevelopedfurtherScienceandtechnologyactedandreactedoneachother.thestudyonthebasictheoriesandthescientificresearchworknewinventions:newcommunicationmethods,bigsteel-madeboat,carsandtrucks,andevenairplanetransport(morequi

13、ck,safe,convenientandcheep)internationalexchangeofgoodstheworldmarketthesystemoftheinternationaldivisionoflabourmoreefficientproductiontheworldmarket(forrawmaterialsandfinishedgoods)closerrelationofthecountriestiedtogetherbytheworldmarket4.theformationanddevelopmentoftheworldeconomya) Thedevelopment

14、andformationoftheworldeconomywasaresultofthescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsb) ThesystemofinternationaldivisionoflabourTheeconomictiesbetweenthesuzerainstatesanditscoloniesorbetweentheadvancedindustrycountriesandthecountriesproducingrawmaterialsbecamemorestrengthened.aworldmarketformed.c) thein

15、dustrycapital-thebankingcapitalfinancialcapitalfinancialoligarchtheexportofcapitald) theinternationalmonetarysystemestablishedaworldcurrencyorcurrenciesgoldandsilveractedastheworldcurrenciesthegoldstandardwasestablishedThegoldstandardhad3featuresFirst:Itestablishdasystemoffixedexchangeratebetweenpar

16、ticipatingcountries.Stableexchangerateswereconsideredanecessaryingredienttoincreasetradeamongnations.Second:thegoldstandardlimitedtherateofgrowthinacountrysmoneysupply.Thiswasduetothefactthatall“money”hadtobebackedbygold,andthesupplyofgoldintheworldincreasedslowlyduringthisperiodoftimeinhistory.Thir

17、d:Goldservedasanautomaticadjustmenttoolforcountriesexperiencingbalanceofpaymentsproblems.Ifacountrywasrunningabalanceofpaymentsdeficit,goldwould,bymarketforces,flowoutofthecountry,decreasingeconomicactivityandpushingthebalanceofpaymentsbacktowardbalance.Conclusion:divisionoflabourriseofproductivefor

18、cesefficienyoftheprodutionfrequencyofexhangeofgoodstheearlysystemofthecapitalistinternationaldivisionoflabour-thefirstscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiontheworldmarket,theworldcurrency,thesystemofthecapitalistinternationaldivisionoflabourthebeginningofworldeconomythesecondscientificandtechnological

19、revolutiontheimprovementofthesystemofthecapitalistinternationaldivisionoflabour(earlystageofinternationalizationofproduction)theworldmarket(barrierstotradeandsurplusofcapitaltheexportofcapital)internationalmonetarysystemworldeconomyThentheworldeconomyfinallyestablished.Threestepsforworldeconomy:good

20、s(international)(ortheinternationalizationofgoods)capital(international)(ortheinternationalizationofcapitals)production(international,afterthe3rdscientificandtechnologicalrevolution)(ortheinternationalizationofproduction)II.thethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutioncausedgreatimprovementinproducti

21、veforces1. Thefactorswhichcausedthethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutiona. thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyb. themotivationofcapitalforprofitsc. thegovernmentssupportforthescientificresearchd. coldwarmadethewestandtheeastcompeteforthemilitaryequipments2.theimpactofthirdscientificandtechnolog

22、icalrevolutiontime:startedattheendof1940splace:fromtheUS-theformerSovietUnion,Japan,andthewestEuropeandthentheothercountries.Peak:attheendof1960s.symbols:nuclearpower,computerandspacetechnologyNewpower,newmaterialsandelectronictechnologymadethethirdrevolutionmuchmoreremarkablethanthefirsttwoones.nuc

23、learpower-theshortageofenergyandresources-supportsquickerdevelopmentofthescience,technologyandtheproduction.Man-madenewmaterialscomplexmaterials-intheaviationorspacetechnology,nowevenincarindustry.Plastic-usedinmanyplacesCputertooperatemachinetheimprovementoftheinternationaldivisionoflabour-theverti

24、caloneandthehorizontalonethespecialisationofthemultinationalcorporations(MNCs)theglobaloperativestrategies:theinternationalarrangementfortheR&Dprojects,productionandmarketing,theflowofcapitalandsoon.thereproductioncycleinternational:productiondistrbutionexchangeandconsume-internationalthefactorsofpr

25、oductioninternational:capital,technology,rawmaterialsandlabourinternational.Theinternationalizationofproductionmaypushtheproductiveforcestorisetoanewlevel.thethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionthe(mature)systemofthecapitalistinternationaldivisionoflabour(internationalizationofproduction)thewor

26、ldmarketworldeconomyNowtheworldeconomybecomessoimportantthatalmosteverycountryisinvolvedinitandhasitsownrolesinit.Ofcourse,somecountrieshavemoreimportantrolesinit.Othersmayhavelessimportantrolesinit.III.theinteneratingofthecapitalistindustrystructurethereproductioncycle-thecomparativedecreasinginput

27、-thecomparativeincreasinginputlabour-intensiveandresources-intensiveindustriesknowledge-intensiveandtechnology-intensiveindustries.Therearetwokindsofinteneratingoftheindustry:1. Intensiveintenerating:withinoneindustry,theinputofmanuallabourdecreases,buttheinputforR&D,informationserviceandsoonincreas

28、e.Extensiveintenerating:sectionswhichmayprovideothersectionswithservicesofinformationandknowledgeappeartobemoreimportant.IV.thetrendsandlawsofthescientificandtechnologicalrevolution.1. thetrends:thechangesbecomequickerandquickertheresultofthechangesprovidesabaseforanewrevolution.2. thelaws:1) thepro

29、gressofscienceandtechnologybecomesquickere.g.steamengine:fromresearchtoputtingintoproduction-100yearstelephone-56yearsradio-35yearsairplane-14yearstelevision-12yearstransistor-5yearssolarcell-2years2) theleadingindustries:Thetimefortheexchangeoftheleadingindustriesbecomesshorter.3) thechangeofscient

30、ificstructure:Scientificstructure:a) people(theirnumber,theirage,andtheirlevel)b) theirspecialization(thebasictheory,applyingtheory,naturalscience,socialscience,hardware,andsoftwareetc.)c) thelabandtheequipmentsandsoond) theinformationresourcesandeducationlevelThescientificstructureisalwaysinadynami

31、cstate.Questions:1. Howdoyouunderstand“theworldeconomy”?2. Howtheworldeconomywasformed?3. Pleaseillustratetheimpactofthefirstandthesecondscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheformationoftheworldeconomy.4. Pleaseillustratetheimpactofthethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionontheworldeconomy.How

32、thethirdscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionpromotedtheglobalizationoftheeconomy?ChapterTwoTheProductiveForcesandthecycleoftheworldeconomy1. businesscycle2. theeconomiccyclesoftheworldeconomyaftertheWorldWarIIthefeaturesofthecyclestheneweconomyandthecyclebibliography:1. BasicEconomics,Hailstones&Mas

33、trianna,9thedition,South-WesternPublishingCo.,Cincinnati,Ohio,19922. EconomicsToday,rogerLeroyMiller,9thedition,Adisson-WesleyEducationEducationalPublishesInc.,19973. Economics,N.GregoryMankiw,3rdedition,TsinghuaUniversityPress20064. 世界经济学张伯里主编中共中央党校出版社2004年7月第1版5. 当代世界经济王广信赵丽娜主编人民出版社2002年3月第1版6. 世界

34、经济新论庄起善主编复旦大学出版社2004年8月第1版世界经济概论池元吉主编高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版businesscyclebasicproblemforthecapitalism-thedevelopmentofindustryisalwaysinterruptedbyperiodiceconomiccrisis.Thismakestheeconomicgrowthinthecapitalistcountriesunstable.strikingfeature-instability,fluctuationsBusinesscycle:theriseandfallofeconomi

35、cactivityrelativetotheeconomyslong-termgrowthtrend.Asthecycleprogresses,allpartsoftheeconomydisplaymarkedchangesinactivityastheymovethroughdistinctiveperiodsusuallycalledtrough,expansion,peak,andcontraction.Production,prices,income,andemploymentactivitiesallshowcharacteristicchangesduringthecycle;in

36、fact,nopartoftheeconomyisfreefromthiscycle.Extensivestudieshaveshownthatthesecyclicalfluctuationsarefoundineconomiesthroughouttheworld.1.Realorphysicalcauses:v InnovationTheory:thetheorythatbusinesscyclesarecausedbybreakthroughsintheformofnewproducts,newmethods,newmachines,ornewtechniques.v Agricult

37、uralTheories:theoriesofthebusinesscyclethatrelatethegenerallevelofbusinessactivitytotheweather.2.psychologicalcauses:v PsychologicalTheory:thetheorythatwheninvestorsandconsumersreactaccordingtosomebeliefaboutfutureconditions,theiractionstendtotransformtheiroutlookintoreality.RationalExpectationsTheo

38、ry:aneconomictheorysuggestingthatindividualsandbusinessactorreactaccordingtowhattheythinkisgoingtohappeninthefutureafterconsideringallavailableinformation.3.monetarycauses:MonetaryTheories:theoriesthatthebusinesscyclesiscausedbythefreeandeasyexpansionofthemoneysupply.4.spendingandsavingcauses:Under-

39、consumptionTheories:theoriesthatthebusinesscycleiscausedbythefailuretospendallnationalincome,resultinginunsoldgoods,reducedtotalproduction,andconsequentreductionsinemploymentandincome.v Theeconomydoesnotdistributeenoughincomeamongthefactorsofproductiontopermitpurchaseofallthegoodsandservicesproduced

40、bytheeconomy.v Theeconomydoesdistributeenoughpurchasingpowertobuythetotalgoodsandservicesproducedbutthatnotalltheincomeorpurchasingpowerisused.Circularflowofincomev Isthecyclicaloperationofdemand,production,income,andnewdemand.v Income=demandproductiondistribution(enough)(income)=newdemandv Incomesp

41、ending(lessdemand)leakagesv Leakagesareflowsoutofthecircularflowthatoccurwhenfactorincomeisreceivedandnotspentdirectlyonpurchases.v Injectionsareaddedspendinginthecircularflowthatarenotpaidforoutoffactorincome.v UnderinvestmentTheory:thetheorythatrecessionsoccurbecauseofinadequateinvestmentintheecon

42、omy.v spendingonconsumptionislessthantotalincomethedifferencemusttaketheformofinvestmentPhasesoftheCyclestwophases:contraction扩张andexpansion收缩Thetop:peakThelowestpoint:troughfourphases:prosperity繁荣;recession衰退,不景气;depression萧条;recovery复苏recession:GDPcontinuouslyfortwoquarter(demand,investment,employ

43、ment,productionoutput,profit,evenstockpriceandinterestrate)depression:longandcontinuousrecessionspreadApeakexistswheneveranoverallhighlevelofeconomicactivityprevail.Acontractionoccurswheneverthelevelofbusinessactivitydropsnoticeably.Thetroughistheperiodwhenthelevelofbusinessactivityhasdroppedasfaras

44、itisgoingtodropinaparticularcycle.Expansionoccurswhenthelevelofbusinessactivitybeginstorise.Trough:lowincomelowdemandpricedownprofitlow(inspiteoflowcost)employmentlowlevelsofinvestmentlowinterestratedownIndustries:lessneedtoreplaceworn-outcapitalConsumers:lessneedfordurablegoodsExpansion:Productioni

45、ncreaseemploymentandincomeincreasedemandincreasepricerise(butcostriseslower)profitriselevelsofinvestmentincreaseinterestrateriseslowlyexpansionisonitswaytopeakPeak:Apeakgenerallyhasfavorablesocialandpoliticalconsequencesaswellasagoodeconomiceffectonsocietye.g.high-levelprosperity.Contraction:Asprodu

46、ctionincrease,theeconomyeventuallyreachesthebottleneckstage.Downswingsarecertaintooccur.Patternofcycles:contractiontroughexpansionpeakcontractionOnceacontractionhasstarted,acumulativeactionamongseveralelementsintheeconomytendstoaugmentthedownswing.Duringthetrough,however,otherforceseventuallyarrestt

47、hecontractionandstartanupwardmovement.Oncethisupwardmotionbegins,reactionsofindividualsandbusinessestendtoaugmenttheexpansion.Duringthepeak,however,forcesbuildupthateventuallycauseanewcontraction.fourforcesortypesofeconomicchangeaffectthelevelofbusinessactivity:(1) thetrend,(2) seasonalvariations,(3) randomfluctuations,(4) cyclicalfluctuations.Thetrendisthedirectionalmovementoftheeconomyoveranextendedperiodoftime,suchas20to30years.Seasonalvariationsarerecurringfluctuationsinbusinessactivityoveragivenperiod,usually1year.Thecauseofthefluct