计算机专业英语教程优秀课件.ppt
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1、计算机专业英语教程第1页,本讲稿共30页1.2.5 Generationless ComputersWe may have defined our last generation of computers and begun the era of generationless computers.Even though computer manufacturers talk of“fifth”and“sixth”-generation computers,this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality.我们可能已经
2、定义了我们最新一代计算机而且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈到“第五”和“第六”代计算机,这些说法更多是市场行为,而不是真实的反映。Advocates of the concept of generationless computers say that even though technological innovations are coming in rapid succession,no single innovation is,or will be,significant enough to characterize another generation of comput
3、ers.无代计算机的观念提倡者说,即使科技革新接二连三地迅速出现,没有一种革新是,或将是足够重要,作为另一代计算机的特征。1.2 Computer Generations 第2页,本讲稿共30页New Words&Expressions:glean vt.,vi.搜集搜集(情报或事实情报或事实)MD abbr.Maryland(马里兰马里兰)Tflops abbr.teraflops 每秒兆兆每秒兆兆(1012)次次 architecture n.体系机构体系机构terabit n.兆兆位兆兆位factor n.阶乘阶乘bandwidth n.带宽带宽 Terabyte n.兆兆兆兆(1012
4、)字节;字节;Petabyte n.千兆兆千兆兆(1015)字节字节microprocessor n.计计微处理器微处理器contemplate v.凝视凝视,沉思沉思order n.阶阶,次次turbulence n.扰动;湍流扰动;湍流GB=GigaBit,千兆位千兆位;=GigaByte,吉字节吉字节flops n.每秒浮点运算次数每秒浮点运算次数(floating-point operation per second)1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 第3页,本讲稿共30页Some idea of what might be happen
5、ing in the near future in supercomputer design can be gleaned from a press release issued by the US Department of Energy(DoE).It came out of the SUPERCOMPUTING 2002 Conference held last November in Baltimore,MD.The press release announced that the DoE had awarded IBM a$290(USD)million contract to bu
6、ild the two fastest supercomputers in the world with a combined peak speed of 460 TFlops.To get an idea of the speed computing throughput 460 teraflops represents,the press release states that,“These two systems will have more than one-and-a-half times the combined processing power of all 500 machin
7、es on the recently announced TOP 500 List of Supercomputers.”从从美美国国能能源源部部发发行行的的通通告告中中,可可以以收收集集一一些些有有关关在在不不久久的的将将来来超超级级计计算算机机设设计计中中可可能能发发生生的的事事情情的的概概念念。它它来来自自在在马马里里兰兰州州巴巴尔尔的的摩摩市市召召开开的的20022002年年超超级级计计算算会会议议。该该通通告告称称能能源源部部已已给给IBMIBM拨拨款款2.92.9亿亿美美元元建建造造世世界界上上最最快快的的两两部部超超级级计计算算机机,其其最最高高综综合合速速度度为为每每秒秒460
8、460兆兆兆兆次次。为为了了理理解解每每秒秒460460兆兆兆兆次次速速度度的的含含义义,通通告告解解释释说说,“这这两两个个系系统统将将会会具具有有最最近近发发布布的的500500强强超超级级计计算算机机的的总总处处理理能能力力的的1.51.5倍倍还还多多。”1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 第4页,本讲稿共30页The first system,“ASCI Purple,”apparently the DoE likes colorful names will be the worlds first supercomputer capable
9、 of 100 Tflops.ASCI Purple will have a massive cluster of POWER-based IBM eServer systems and IBM storage systems.This supercomputer represents a fifth-generation system under the Advanced Simulation and Computing Initiative(ASCI)Program.It will serve as the primary supercomputer for DoE.第一个系统第一个系统“
10、ASCI PurpleASCI Purple”,显然能源部;生动的名字显然能源部;生动的名字 将会是世界将会是世界的第一部能够运算每秒的第一部能够运算每秒100100兆兆次的超级计算机。兆兆次的超级计算机。ASCI PurpleASCI Purple将具有基将具有基于于POWERPOWER系列的系列的IBM eServer IBM eServer 系统和系统和 IBM IBM 存储系统的宏大组群。这台超存储系统的宏大组群。这台超级计算机代表模拟和计算行动计划级计算机代表模拟和计算行动计划(ASCI)(ASCI)支持的第五代系统。它将作为能支持的第五代系统。它将作为能源部主要的超级计算机。源部主
11、要的超级计算机。1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 第5页,本讲稿共30页1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions According to the press release,the second system will be a research machine called Blue Gene/L.It will employ advanced IBM semiconductor and system technologies based on new architectures being devel
12、oped by DoE and IBM.Blue Gene/L is expected to achieve a peak performance of 360 TFlops with 130,000 processors running under the Linux operating system.It will have the capability to process data at a rate of one terabit per second,equivalent to the data transmitted by ten thousand weather satellit
13、es.Applications are expected to include the simulation of very complex physical phenomena in areas such as turbulence,biology and high explosives.根根据据通通告告,第第二二个个系系统统将将会会是是一一部部被被称称为为Blue Gene/L的的研研究究机机器器,它它将将使使用用基基于于新新结结构构的的先先进进的的IBM半半导导体体和和系系统统技技术术,该该新新结结构构是是能能源源部部和和IBM共共同同开开发发的的。Blue Gene/L具具有有13万万
14、台台处处理理器器,在在Linux操操作作系系统统下下运运行行,可可望望达达到到每每秒秒360兆兆兆兆次次的的性性能能。它它将将具具有有以以每每秒秒1兆兆兆兆位位的的速速度度处处理理数数据据的的能能力力,等等同同于于一一万万个个气气象象卫卫星星传传输输的的数数据据。其其应应用预期包括对非常复杂现象的模拟,如湍流、生物学和高空爆炸。用预期包括对非常复杂现象的模拟,如湍流、生物学和高空爆炸。第6页,本讲稿共30页1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions The ASCI Purple system will use IBMs next generation m
15、icroprocessor,the POWER5,employing a total of 12,544 of them.These 12,544 processors will be spread among 196 individual computers.The total memory bandwidth will be 156,000 GBs,the equivalent of simultaneously playing 31,200 DVD movies.A super-fast data highway with a total interconnect bandwidth o
16、f 12,500 GB will interconnect the 196 computers.The IBM AIXL operating system will be used to run this configuration.The operating system will contain 50 terabytes of memory,an amount that is 400,000 times the capacity of the average desktop PC.There will also be two petabytes of disk storage or hol
17、ding the content of approximately one billion books.ASCI ASCI PurplePurple系系统统将将使使用用IBMIBM的的下下一一代代微微处处理理器器POWER5,POWER5,总总数数为为12,54412,544个个。这这12,54412,544个个处处理理器器将将分分布布在在196196部部单单独独的的计计算算机机之之中中。总总内内存存带带宽宽将将是是15.6GB,15.6GB,等等同同于于同同时时地地播播放放 31,20031,200部部DVDDVD电电影影。一一条条具具有有12,500 12,500 GBGB带带宽宽的的超超
18、快快速速数数据据通通道道将将会会把把196196台台计计算算机机互互相相连连接接。IBM IBM AIXL AIXL 操操作作系系统统将将用用于于运运行行一一个个配配置置。该该操操作作系系统统将将包包5050兆兆兆兆字字节节内内存存,容容量量是是平平均均桌桌面面个个人人计计算算机机的的4040万万倍倍。还还将将有有2 2千千兆兆兆兆字字节节的的磁磁盘盘存存储储,或或可可容容纳纳大大约约十十亿亿本本书书的内容。的内容。第7页,本讲稿共30页1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions Finally,since the UNIVAC-1s introducti
19、on,raw computer speed has increased by about 11 to 12 orders of magnitude in about 50 years,or a factor of 10 every five years.This is a truly remarkable achievement.Its also interesting to contemplate that,if this growth continues over the next 50 years,then by the 100th anniversary of the UNIVAC-1
20、,computers will be operating at speeds on the order of 1023 Flops!最最后后,自自从从UNIVAC-1的的发发明明以以来来,计计算算机机的的原原始始速速度度在在50年年内内增增加加了了11至至12个个数数量量级级,或或每每五五年年增增加加10倍倍。这这是是一一个个真真正正显显著著的的成成就就。设设想想一一下下也也很很有有趣趣,如如果果在在未未来来50年年间间仍仍以以这这样样的的速速度度持持续续增增长长,到到UNIVAC-1诞诞生生的的100周周年年,计计算算机机将将会会以以大大约约每每秒秒1023次次的的浮浮点点运运算速度运行算速
21、度运行!第8页,本讲稿共30页一、复杂长句多一、复杂长句多科科技技文文章章要要求求叙叙述述准准确确,推推理理谨谨严严,因因此此一一句句话话里里包包含含三三四四个个甚甚至至五五六六个个分分句句的的,并并非非少少见见。译译成成汉汉语语时时,必必须须按按照照汉汉语语习习惯惯破破成成适适当当数数目目的的分分句句,才才能能条条理理清清楚楚,避避免免洋洋腔腔洋洋调调。这这种种复复杂杂长长句句居居科科技技英英语语难难点点之之首首,要要学学会会运运用用语语法法分分析析方法来加以解剖,以便以短代长,化难为易方法来加以解剖,以便以短代长,化难为易。例如:。例如:Factories will not buy mac
22、hines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost.这这是是由由一一个个主主句句和和四四个个从从句句组组成成的的复复杂杂长长句句,只只有有进进行行必必要要的的语语法法分分析析,才才能能正正确确理解和翻译。现试译如下:理解和翻译。现试译如下:除除非非相相信信那那些些机机器器造造出出的的产产品品卖卖给给消消费费者者的的价价格格足足够够支支付付所所有有成成本本,否否则则厂厂家家是
23、是不不会会买买那那些些机器的。机器的。节译:节译:要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本,厂家是不会买的。要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本,厂家是不会买的。后后一一句句只只用用了了24个个字字,比比前前句句40个个字字节节约约用用字字40%,而而对对原原句句的的基基本本内内容容无无损损。可可见见,只只要要吃吃透透原原文文的的结结构构和和内内涵涵,翻翻译译时时再再在在汉汉语语上上反反复复推推敲敲提提炼炼,复复杂杂的的英英语语长长句句,也也是是容容易易驾驭的。驾驭的。科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 第9页,本讲稿共30页科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 二、被动语态多二、被动语态多英英语语使使用用被被动动
24、语语态态大大大大多多于于汉汉语语,如如莎莎士士比比亚亚传传世世名名剧剧罗罗密密欧欧与与朱朱丽丽叶叶中中的的一一句句就就两次用了被动语态:两次用了被动语态:Juliet was torn between desire to keep Romeo near her and fear for his life,should his presence be detected.朱朱丽丽叶叶精精神神上上受受到到折折磨磨,既既渴渴望望和和罗罗密密欧欧形形影影不不离离,又又担担心心罗罗密密欧欧万万一一让让人人发发现现,难难免免有有性性命命之忧。之忧。科技英语更是如此,有三分之一以上用被动语态。例如:科技英语更
25、是如此,有三分之一以上用被动语态。例如:(a)No work can be done without energy.译文:没有能量决不能做功。译文:没有能量决不能做功。(b)All business decisions must now be made in the light of the market.译文:所有企业现在必须根据市场来作出决策。译文:所有企业现在必须根据市场来作出决策。第10页,本讲稿共30页科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 三、非谓语动词多三、非谓语动词多英英语语每每个个简简单单句句中中,只只能能用用一一个个谓谓语语动动词词,如如果果读读到到几几个个动动作作,就就必必须须选选
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