多媒体通信系统 应用子系统精.ppt
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1、多媒体通信系统应用子系统第1页,本讲稿共57页wTheconsiderationofmultimediaapplicationssupportstheviewthatlocalsystemsexpandtowarddistributedsolutions.Applicationssuchaskiosks,multimediamail,collaborativeworksystems,virtualrealityapplicationsandothersrequirehigh-speednetworkswithahightransferrateandcommunicationsystemswit
2、hadaptive,lightweighttransmissionprotocolsontopofthenetworks.wFromthecommunicationperspective,wedividethehigherlayersoftheMultimediaCommunicationSystem(MCS)intotwoarchitecturalsubsystems:anapplication subsystemandatransport subsystem.第2页,本讲稿共57页Application Subsystem第3页,本讲稿共57页wCollaborativecomputing
3、w现在工作站和PC机都配有很强的音频和视频功能,若把它们用高速网络联在一起,那么就为人们提供了一个协同计算环境,协同计算通常又称为计算机支持的协同工作(CSCW)。wThecurrentinfrastructureofnetworkedworkstationsandPCs,andtheavailabilityofaudioandvideoattheseend-points,makesiteasierforpeopletocooperateandbridgespace and time.In this way,network connectivity and end-point integrat
4、ion of multimedia provides users with acollaborative computing environment.Collaborativecomputing is generally known asComputer-Supported Cooperative Work(CSCW).第4页,本讲稿共57页wCollaborativeDimensionsw电子化的协同工作系统可根据时间、用户范围和控制这三个参数进行分类WSM+91。这样协同工作系统可以被划分一个三维空间(如图11.1所示)。wElectroniccollaborationcanbecateg
5、orizedaccordingtothreemainparameters:time,userscaleand control WSM+91.Therefore,the collaborationspace can be partitioned into a three-dimensionalspace(showninfigure11.1).第5页,本讲稿共57页TimeSynchronousAsynchronousTelephoneTele-MentoringDesktopTeleconfereningCollaborativeSoftwareElectronicMailBulletin Bo
6、ardDevelopmentCollaborativeDocumentEditingGroupScheduleManageSingle UserMultiple Users(Group)DistributedControlCentralizedFace-to-FaceMeetingGroupCSCWConference RoomMeetingGroupDecisionmakingUser ScaleFigure 11.1:Dimensions of collaborative computing.第6页,本讲稿共57页Timew从图中可以看出,在时间轴上有两种模式。即同步模式和异步模式。异步协
7、同工作说明处理活动在同时发生。wWith respect to time,there are twomodesofcooperativework:asynchronous and synchronous.Thesynchronous cooperative work happensatthesametime.第7页,本讲稿共57页wUserScalew用户轴上的参数说明是否为单用户协同工作,或者是两个用户以上的组与另一组协同工作。wTheuserscaleparameterspecifies whethera single usercollaborateswithanotheruserorag
8、roup of more than two userscollaboratetogether.第8页,本讲稿共57页w Controlw控制轴上分成集中式和分布式两种.在集中式控制中有一个主席,由他来控制协同工作,而在分布式控制中,每个组成员能控制协同工作中属于自己的任务.wControlduringacollaborationcanbecentralizedordistributed.Centralized controlmeansthatthereisachairman(e.g.,mainmanager)whocontrolsthecollaborativework.Distributed
9、control meansthatevery group member has control over hisherown tasks in the collaborative work anddistributed control protocols are in place toprovideconsistentcollaboration.第9页,本讲稿共57页wGroupCommunicationArchitecturew组通(GC)是指CSCW环境下多个用户之间的通信,协作可以是同步的,而其中控制可以是集中式或分布式的。wGroup communication(GC)involves
10、thecommunicationofmultipleusersinasynchronousoranasynchronousmodewithcentralizedordistributedcontrol.第10页,本讲稿共57页w组通信结构由支撑模型、系统模型和接口型WSM+91。组通信支持模式包括了通过多点传输网络通信的组通信代理(如图11.2)。它可用于完成组汇合(grouprendezvous)、应用共享和会议管理。wA group communication architecture consists of asupport model,system modelandinterface
11、modelWSM+91.The GCsupport model includesgroup communication agentsthatcommunicateviaamulti-point multicast communication network as shown inFigure11.2.Groupcommunicationagentsmayusethefollowing for their collaboration:Group Rendezvous;Shared Applications;Conferencing.第11页,本讲稿共57页MulticastCommunicati
12、onNetworkGroupRendezvousCommunication(Transport)SupportConferencingApplicationSharingGroup Communication AgentGroup Communication AgentFigure11.2:Group communication support model.GroupRendezvousGroupRendezvousGroup Communication AgentCommunication(Transport)SupportCommunication(Transport)SupportCon
13、ferencingConferencingApplicationSharingApplicationSharing第12页,本讲稿共57页w组通信系统模型基于客户机服务器(client-server)模式,其中client提供组成员与系统间进行交互的用户界面,server则向用户提供组通信功能,每一服务器都有它的独特的功能。wThe GC system model is based on aclient-server model.Clients provide userinterfaces for smooth interaction betweengroup members and the
14、system.Serverssupplyfunctionsforaccomplishingthegroupcommunication work,and each serverspecializesinitsownfunction.第13页,本讲稿共57页w组通信接口模型包括用于在组通信支撑模型内交换信息的两种协议,即用户表现协议和组工作管理协议。用户表现协议执行行客户机间的交互,例如发起会议、结束会议、动态加入和离开会议以及发方言权控制等。组工作管理协议说明客户和服务器之间的通信。活动会议登录和会议信息检索等服务都受这些协议的支持。第14页,本讲稿共57页wThe GC interface m
15、odel includes two kinds ofprotocols for exchanging information within theGCsupportmodel:user presentation protocolsandgroup work management protocols.Userpresentationprotocolsperforminteractionsamongtheclients,suchas opening a conference,closing a conference,dynamic joining and leaving of a meeting
16、and floorpassing,Groupworkmanagementprotocolsspecifythecommunication between the clients and the servers.Servicessuchasregistrationofactiveconferencesandqueriesforfurtherconferenceinformationaresupportedbytheseprotocols.第15页,本讲稿共57页wGroupRendezvousw组汇合方法允许建立协同工作组会议,以及提供有关目前和将来的组和会议的其他静态动态信息。组汇合工具在用户
17、界面上提供一组会话和会议的活动信息。组汇合有同步和异步方法。wGroup rendezvous methods allow for setting upcollaborativegroupmeetingsandprovidingotherstaticanddynamic information about groups and ongoing or futuremeetings.Thegrouprendezvoustoolsprovideasinglesetofsessionandactivityinformationattheuserinterface.Therearesynchronous
18、 andasynchronous methods for grouprendezvous.第16页,本讲稿共57页w应应用用共共享享被认为是支持组通信活动的一种有效机制。应用共享意味着,当应用共享程序(像如编辑器)从任一参加者执行输入,共享对象(例如文档、正文)的所有执行结果都将发送到所有的参加者。共享对象一般只显示在共享口中HTM92。w应用共享中的一个重要问题是共享控制。共享应用中的一个主要设计问题是决定采用集中式体系结构还是复制式体系结构OMS+92,SW94a。第17页,本讲稿共57页wSharingapplicationsisrecognizedasavitalmechanismfo
19、rsupportinggroupcommunicationactivities:Sharingapplicationsmeansthatwhenasharedapplicationprogram(e.g.,editor)executesanyinputfromaparticipant,allexecutionresultsperformedontheshared object(e.g.,documenttext)aredistributedamongalltheparticipants.Sharedobjectsaredisplayed,generally,inshared windowsHT
20、M92.wAnimportantissueinapplicationsharingisshared control.TheprimarydesigndecisioninsharingapplicationsistodeterminewhethertheyshouldbecentralizedorreplicatedOMS+92,SW94a第18页,本讲稿共57页wCentralized Architecturew在集中式体系结构中,共享应用中的单个拷贝只在一个地点运行。所有参加者的输入都送到本地,应用的输出(共享对象)都发送到所有地点。图11.3(a)显示了集中式体系结构。wInacentra
21、lizedarchitecture,asinglecopyofthesharedapplicationrunsatonesite.Allparticipantsinputtotheapplicationisforwardedtothelocalsiteandtheapplicationoutput(sharedobject)isthendistributedtoallsites.Figure11.3(a)showsthecentralizedarchitecture.第19页,本讲稿共57页wReplicated Architecturew在复制式体系结构中,共享应用拷贝只在各个本地站点运行。
22、每一个应用的输入事件都分布在所有地点,共享应用的拷贝分布在每一个地点,在本地机上执行。图11.3(b)给出了复制式体系结构图。wInareplicatedarchitecture,acopyofthesharedapplicationrunslocallyateachsite.Inputeventstoeach application are distributed to all sites andeach copy of the shared application is executedlocally at each site.Figure 11.3(b)shows thereplicat
23、edarchitecture.第20页,本讲稿共57页SharedWindowSharedApplicationSharedApplicationSharedApplicationSharedWindowSharedWindowNetworkNetwork(a)FloorHolder(b)FloorHolderOutputInputOutputOutputOutputInputInputInputSharedWindowFigure11.3:Sharing application architectures:(a)centralized architecture,(b)replicated a
24、rchitecture第21页,本讲稿共57页wConferencingw远程会议支持协同计算,它又称为同步远程协同工作。远程会议是一种管理服务,通过多种媒体(例如视频和音频)控制多个用户之间的通信,获取同时的面对面通信效果。更精确地说,在远程会议系统中视频和音频有如下用处:wConferencing supports collaborative computing and isalsocalledsynchronous tele-collaboration.Conferencingis amanagement service that controls the communicationam
25、ongmultipleusersviamultiplemedia,suchasvideoandaudio,toachievesimultaneousface-to-facecommunication.Moreprecisely,videoandaudiohavethefollowingpurposesinatele-conferencingsystem第22页,本讲稿共57页w从从技技术术角角度度看看,视频是用于显示可见的图形,指出有多少用户在出席远程会议。对于可视化支持,可使用工作站、PC机或视频墙。w对于超过3或4个参加者的远程会议主,PC机或工作站的屏幕就会初分成多个非常小的窗口,特别对
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