2022年Internationaltrade英语专业专业必修课国际贸易实务英文版课堂笔记整理.docx

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1、名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Chapter 1 Introduction to International trade Questions & Answers terms . International trade the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries）. Trade in goods the purchase and sale of visible goods:coffee, chemicals, air

2、planes, textiles, tobacco&Trade in services the purchase and sale of invisible goods: transportation, insurance, tourism, hotel accommodations, commerce . Self-sufficient someone who does his own hunting, finds his own shelter, and provides for his own needs.Barter the trade of goods without any exc

3、hange of moneyfavorable balance of .Balance of trade a nationationship of exports to imports. A trade , or trade surplus, occurs when the value of the countryts exceeds that of its imports;An unfavorable balance of trade , or trade deficit , occurs when the value of the countrys imports exceeds that

4、 of its exports. Balance of payments the difference between money coning into a country from exports and money going out of the country for import plus money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors such as tourism, foreign aid. BOP=EM-IM+MF . A favorable balance of payments means m

5、ore money is flowing into a country than flowing out;An unfavorable balance of payments is when more money is flowing out of a country than coming in. Dumping the practic of selling products in foreign country at lower prices than those charged in the producing country. Companies use this tactic to

6、reduce surplus products in foreign markets or to gain a foothold in a new market by offering products for lower prices than domestic competitors do. The foundation of international trade and economic activities：In todays complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Na

7、tions have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills . Questions & Answers text . What are major reasons of the exchange of goods between nations. First, no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Second, a country often does not have enough of a particul

8、ar item to meet its needs. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style fashion. . Why is FDI now more important than trade. First, FDI enables host country to build a new manufacturing plant and to pay

9、workers to build it. Second, once the plant is operative, it provides both jobs and taxes for host country. Third, FDI acts as a catalyst 催化剂 in economic growth for host country. . Why inflows into Sub-Saharan Africa have increased.Tourism is the worlds largest industry and every year it pumps billi

10、ons of dollars into some of the poorest countries in the world. It creates jobs, reduces poverty, builds new roads, airports, hotels and hospitals. . What are major obstacles to Chinese foreign trade. Firstly, China should deal with pressure from international markets that are 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - -

11、- - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -gradually becoming saturated （饱和） . Secondly, the cost of Chinese exports is increasing, partly because of the higher cost of labor and environmental protection. Thirdly, increasing international trade pro

12、tection has caused China to stumble into（陷入）difficult territory. Finally, the trade imbalance between China and other countries is getting worse. Chapter 2 Basic Theory of International Trade Questions & Answers terms.Opportunity Cost 机会成本：有一得必有一失the amount of another goods or service that might oth

13、erwise have been produced .Absolute Advantage 两者相权取成本低、效率高者A commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources capital, land, and labor. Comparative Advantage 两利相权取其重,两劣相权取其轻 only one of the goods would work most best and least worse . What the Theory of C-A Shows

14、if we want to maximize total output in the world then: first, fully employ all resources worldwide; second, allocate those resources within countries to each countrys comparative advantage industries; third, allow the countries to trade freely . . Specialization there were some things he was more ca

15、pable of doing and it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods in which he was particularly proficient What are the major benefits of exporting.Why export. Y our general objectives will probably be: To increase profitability To utilise production capacity to the

16、full The small domestic market may not big enough for growth You may be manufacturing a specialised product and find there are not enough customers in Sweden You may be looking for the increased security your company can achieve by spreading its risks over a variety of markets You may want to ensure

17、 that your product is kept up to date by exposure to competition in international markets It provides scope to develop a companys strengths and abilities. Selling in an international environment will sharpen your innovative edge and open up opportunities that might never come your way if you limit y

18、ourself to the home market. Michael Porters Diamond ModelMichael Porter of the Harvard Business School introduced a new competitiveness theory, the so-called diamond model. He argues that national prosperity is not inherited, but created by choices; in other words, national wealth is not set by fact

19、or endowments, but created by strategic choices. He intro duced a concept of “clusters”, or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers,related industries, and institutions that arise in particular locations. 1. Firm strategy, Structure and Rivalry The world is dominated by dynamic conditions, and it

20、is direct competition that impels firms 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -to work for increases in productivity and innovation. 2. Demand Conditions The more demanding the customers in an economy, the greater the pres

21、sure facing firms to constantly to improve their competitiveness via innovative products, through high quality, etc. 3. Related Supporting Industries Upstream or downstream industries facilitates the exchange of information and promotes a continuous exchange of ideas and innovations. 4. Factor Condi

22、tionsContrary to conventional wisdoms, Po rter argues that the “key ” factors of production or specialized factors are created, not inherited. Specialized factors are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. -key ”Non factors or general use factors, such as unskilled labor and raw materials, can b

23、e obtained by any company and, hence, do not generate sustained competitive advantage. However, specialized factors involve heavy, sustained investment. They are more difficult to duplicate. This leads to a competitive advantage, because if other firms cannot easily duplicate these factors, they are

24、 valuable. The role of government in Porter Diamond Model is “acting as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourageor even push companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance ” . They must encourage companies to raise their performance, stimulate early de

25、mand for advanced products, focus on specialized factors creation and to stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforce anti-trust（反托拉斯,反垄断）regulations. Chapter 5 International Trade TermsRole of International Trade Terms Standing for specific obligations of the buyer and the sel

26、ler. Name the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer. Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer. Define the nature of the contract, such as FOB contract or CIF contract, to determine expenses and risks as well

27、 as their rights and obligations accordingly. The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost. The price of commodity（refers to the unit price , which is made up of a name of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term, and a name of d

28、estination or shipping place .For example,US$ 800 per M/T CIF London ）国际贸易合同的主要条款有 : 合同对象 标的 ：commodities or services 合同总值 : total value or quantities 交货条件 : trade terms 包装 : packaging 装运期 : shipment 装运口岸和目的地 : departure port or destination 保险 : insurance 支付条款 : payment Procedures of Marine Insuranc

29、e 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 .To apply for marine insurance; 第 3 页,共 4 页 .To determine the insurance value of the goods to be insured; .To determine the insurance average and coverage; .To determine insurance premium; .To sign an insurance policy .To lodge an insurance claim. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

30、- - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Proper pricing , complete and accurate quotations , and choice of terms of sale and paymentare four critical elements in selling a product or service internationally. Of the four, pricing is the most problematic, even for the experienced exporte

31、r. Export product cost structure, involving cost of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs duties. Pricing Considerations . At what price should the firm sell its product in the foreign market. . What type of market positioning does the company want to convey from its pricing structure.

32、 . Does the export price reflect the products quality. . Is the price competitive. . Should the firm pursue market penetration or market-skimming pricing objectives abroad. . What type of discount trade, cash, quantity and allowances advertising, trade-off should the firm offer its foreign customers

33、. . Laws pose a problem. . Should prices differ by market segment. . What should the firm do about product line pricing. . What pricing options are available if the firms costs increase or decrease. . Is the demand in the foreign market elastic or inelastic. . Are the prices going to be viewed by th

34、e foreign government as reasonable or unfair. . Do the foreign countrys antidumping. Pricing Summary Here are the key points to remember when determining your products price: . Determine the objective in the foreign market. . Compute the actual cost of the export product. . Compute the final consume

35、r price. . Evaluate market demand and competition. . Consider modifying the product to reduce the export price. . Include -market costs, such as tariffs and customs fees. . Exclude cost elements that provide no benefit to the export function, such as domestic advertising. In the cost-plus method of

36、calculation, the exporter starts with the domestic manufacturing cost and adds administration, research and development, overhead, freight forwarding, distributor margins, customs charges, and profit. The effect of this pricing approach may be that the export price escalates into an uncompetitive ra

37、nge. The actual payment= the full invoice of the goods +the additional charges of expenses the seller has paid. Stages in Handling a Bill of Exchange细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 .To draw 第 4 页,共 4 页 .Presentation and acceptance .Endorsement .Without recourse .Payment .Dishonor and recourse - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -