词汇句法语义变异精选PPT.ppt

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1、词汇句法语义变异词汇句法语义变异第1页，此课件共86页哦n nIn coining new words,it may be said that the literary writer is not so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules.n nIn the coinage of new words,the literary writer usually extends three major rules of word-formation:affixation,compounding and convers

2、ion.第2页，此课件共86页哦n n2.3.1 Affixationn n Affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language.The following lines contain some typical examples of words coined by extension of this rule:第3页，此课件共86页哦n n(1)There was a balconyful of gentlemen.(Chesterton)n n(2)

3、We left the town refreshed and rehatted.(Fotherhill)第4页，此课件共86页哦n n后缀后缀-ful 经常与经常与bowl,basket,spoon 等表示等表示容器的名词连用容器的名词连用,表示表示“满满.的的”,此处与此处与balcony 连用连用,生动形象地描绘出生动形象地描绘出“阳台好像阳台好像容器一样挤满了人容器一样挤满了人”这样一幅画面。英语是这样一幅画面。英语是形合型语言形合型语言,对词汇的形态变化有严格的要对词汇的形态变化有严格的要求求,为了使表达更形象生动为了使表达更形象生动,直接在名词后添直接在名词后添加形容词词尾加形容词词

4、尾,使描述更具物象感使描述更具物象感,也起到了也起到了填补词汇缺项的作用。填补词汇缺项的作用。第5页，此课件共86页哦（3）It is easier to marry than unmarry.第6页，此课件共86页哦 这一句中的这一句中的unmarry 是根据是根据marry创造出来创造出来的，意思是的，意思是divorce,但作者没有用但作者没有用divorce,却却用了临时词用了临时词unmarry,这不仅与这不仅与marry 押韵，押韵，而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚是而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚是一件非常困难的事，修辞效果不言而喻。一件非常困难的事，修辞效果不言而喻。第

5、7页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.“the widow-making unchilding unfathering deeps”(英国十九世纪诗人霍英国十九世纪诗人霍普金斯描写大海的诗普金斯描写大海的诗)n nwidow-making：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫；：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫；n nunchilding：夺去了老人们的孩子；：夺去了老人们的孩子；n nunfathering：葬送了孩子们的父亲：葬送了孩子们的父亲第8页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g(4)The orangemostest drink in the world.第9页，此课件共86页哦n norange 一词后面连续用了两

6、个最高级词一词后面连续用了两个最高级词缀缀most 和和est,给人以深刻的印象。广告商给人以深刻的印象。广告商为了体现广告语言的表意功能为了体现广告语言的表意功能,使用词汇变使用词汇变异手段来实现广告的注意、兴趣和记忆的异手段来实现广告的注意、兴趣和记忆的语用目的。语用目的。第10页，此课件共86页哦n n例：满心例：满心“婆理婆理”而满口而满口“公理公理“的绅的绅士们的名言暂且置之不论不议之列士们的名言暂且置之不论不议之列 -鲁迅鲁迅第11页，此课件共86页哦n n 2.3.2 Compoundingn nCompounding is the combination of two or m

7、ore items to make a single compound one.Consider the following examples:第12页，此课件共86页哦n n(1)They were else-minded then,altogether,the men.(G.M.Hopkins)第13页，此课件共86页哦n(2)They lowed about her whom he knew,dewsilky cattle.(James Joyce:Ulysses)第14页，此课件共86页哦n n这是小说这是小说尤利西斯尤利西斯中描写一群奶牛的语中描写一群奶牛的语句。在这里，乔伊斯巧妙地

8、将句。在这里，乔伊斯巧妙地将dew和和 silky组组合在一起，形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合合在一起，形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合词词 dewsilky,简洁生动地为读者传达了简洁生动地为读者传达了“露露水水”和和“丝绸般光亮丝绸般光亮”这两个意象这两个意象,形象地形象地描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉。描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉。第15页，此课件共86页哦n（3）the wagon beginning to fall into its slow and mileconsuming clatter.-William Faulner第16页，此课件共86页哦n(4)To lighten t

9、he burden of womankind.第17页，此课件共86页哦（5）They my-loved and my-deared each other.-William Thackeray第18页，此课件共86页哦n n作者创造了作者创造了my-loved，my-deared两个临两个临时用的复合动词，句子即变得妙趣横生。时用的复合动词，句子即变得妙趣横生。第19页，此课件共86页哦n n2.3.3 Conversion Conversion,which is often described as zero affixation,is the adaptation of an item t

10、o a new grammatical function without changing its form.第20页，此课件共86页哦n n(1)Dont be such a harsh parent,father!Dont father me!(H.G.Wells)第21页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g(2)My mother and father toted the luggage from car to cottage,exclaiming over how well the place had wintered,no broken windows n nwinter 通常作名词使用通

11、常作名词使用,此处则将它们用此处则将它们用作动词作动词,winter 意为意为“经受了冬天的考验经受了冬天的考验”。第22页，此课件共86页哦n n(3)The coffee-er coffee.n n此广告把名词此广告把名词coffee当形容词用，别出心当形容词用，别出心裁地使之有了比较级形式裁地使之有了比较级形式“coffee-er”，用以表达用以表达“咖啡千杯好，此品味更浓咖啡千杯好，此品味更浓”的意思。的意思。第23页，此课件共86页哦n n(4)A world of made is not a world of born.n n 创造的世界并非是原生的世界。创造的世界并非是原生的世界

12、。（动词转名词）（动词转名词）（动词转名词）（动词转名词）n n卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的对比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的对比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的对比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器的真实感觉。机器的真实感觉。机器的真实感觉。机器的真实感觉。第24页，此课件共86页哦n n(5)Fainter,dimmer,stiller,ea

13、ch moment,now night.n n 愈近黄昏，暗越暗，静越静，每刻每分，愈近黄昏，暗越暗，静越静，每刻每分，已入夜境。已入夜境。n n“night”这儿用作动词使这首小诗意蕴深这儿用作动词使这首小诗意蕴深远，在读者面前展现了一幅夜暮时分，万籁远，在读者面前展现了一幅夜暮时分，万籁寂静，万物沉寂的恬淡的画面。寂静，万物沉寂的恬淡的画面。第25页，此课件共86页哦n如在雅虎网站的一则广告语如在雅虎网站的一则广告语 “Do you Yahoo?”n“Yahoo”一词就被前景化或凸显一词就被前景化或凸显(foregrounded),因为此词的词性发生因为此词的词性发生了偏离。了偏离。第26

14、页，此课件共86页哦n再如一则宣传食用油的广告再如一则宣传食用油的广告:n“馋在眼里馋在眼里,香在心里香在心里”n用了非常规的词语搭配用了非常规的词语搭配,从而勾起了人从而勾起了人的无限联想和欲望。的无限联想和欲望。第27页，此课件共86页哦其他方法其他方法n n谐音造词法谐音造词法n n英语中有时利用一些发音相同或相近的字母英语中有时利用一些发音相同或相近的字母或字母组合互相替代或字母组合互相替代,来临时创造一些词语来临时创造一些词语,用以表达原词所无法表达的含义。比如用以表达原词所无法表达的含义。比如,一一则低价销售冬装的广告为则低价销售冬装的广告为:n n GoodBuy Winter!

15、100%Cotton Knit wear 49.95第28页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.Britainnia Rues the Waves 这是一篇文章的标题这是一篇文章的标题,诙谐模仿英国海军诙谐模仿英国海军进行曲中歌词进行曲中歌词Britannia Rules the Waves 所产生的变异效果所产生的变异效果,将将“rule”调换成调换成“rue”,意思从意思从“统领统领”转为转为“懊悔、叹息懊悔、叹息”。这样的标题有吸引力。这样的标题有吸引力,耐人寻味。耐人寻味。第29页，此课件共86页哦n n另一方面，如果新造的词汇在形式上背离常另一方面，如果新造的词汇在形式上背离常规，那么往

16、往能产生奇特的艺术效果，可令规，那么往往能产生奇特的艺术效果，可令读者体会到一种全新的、陌生的、甚至是扭读者体会到一种全新的、陌生的、甚至是扭曲的美。曲的美。n n例例:It soared,a bird,it held its flight,a swift pure cryof the high vast irradiation every where all soaring all around about the all,the endlessnessnessnessnessn n (James Joyce:Ulysses)第30页，此课件共86页哦n n小说中布鲁姆在一家酒吧里想入非非，

17、而他小说中布鲁姆在一家酒吧里想入非非，而他想象中的情人玛莎正在众人面前展现她那美想象中的情人玛莎正在众人面前展现她那美妙的歌声。显然，妙的歌声。显然，“endlessnessnessness”一词是作者利用一词是作者利用英语后缀的习惯新造的词。英语后缀的习惯新造的词。“ness”的四次的四次重复似乎能产生一种听觉上的艺术效果，让重复似乎能产生一种听觉上的艺术效果，让读者也感受到歌声的美妙悠扬，余音缭绕，读者也感受到歌声的美妙悠扬，余音缭绕，回味无穷。同时，读者似乎也能切身体会到回味无穷。同时，读者似乎也能切身体会到布鲁姆那虚无缥缈的精神世界以及他在优美布鲁姆那虚无缥缈的精神世界以及他在优美歌声

18、中浮想联翩的心理状态。歌声中浮想联翩的心理状态。第31页，此课件共86页哦分析：分析：nE.g.Dont dear me.第32页，此课件共86页哦n n E.g.-You have a lovely wife.n -She is a workholic.第33页，此课件共86页哦n n这几种词汇变异都超越了正常语言的词汇，这些词汇使诗人的想象得以自由发挥，纵横自如，不受现有词汇的束缚和限制。变异只是一种手段，不是目的。在任何变异的背后，总是隐藏着作者或说话人的意图。了解语言使用中的变异，对于我们进行文体分析会起到很大的帮助作用,也在不知不觉中提高了文学鉴赏能力。第34页，此课件共86页哦2.

19、4 Syntactic Deviation n nn nSyntactic deviation refers to departures from normal(surface)grammar.These include a number of features such as unusual clause themes,unusual phrase structures.第35页，此课件共86页哦n n2.4.1 Unusual Clause Theme2.4.1 Unusual Clause Themen n The initial unit of a clause may be call

20、ed its theme.Apart The initial unit of a clause may be called its theme.Apart from the last stressed element of the clause structure from the last stressed element of the clause structure which most naturally bears the information focus,the which most naturally bears the information focus,the theme

21、is the most important part of a clause from the theme is the most important part of a clause from the point of view of its presentation of a message in sequence.point of view of its presentation of a message in sequence.The theme may be characterized as the communicative The theme may be characteriz

22、ed as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause.In English,the departure for the rest of the clause.In English,the expected or expected or“unmarkedunmarked”theme（无标记主位）（无标记主位）（无标记主位）（无标记主位）of a main clause is:第36页，此课件共86页哦n n1.Subject of an indicative clause:n nE.g.(She)got a new dress.

23、2.Auxiliary in a yes-no question:n nE.g(Did)she get a new dress?第37页，此课件共86页哦n n3.Wh-element in a wh-question:e.g.(Which)dress did she get?4.Main verb in an imperative clause:e.g(Get)a new dress for her.第38页，此课件共86页哦n n However,the literary writer can go beyond this and may place any of the rest of

24、clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect.The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a marked theme.（有标记主位）（有标记主位）第39页，此课件共86页哦n因此，在句法上，较为常见的变异因此，在句法上，较为常见的变异（或偏离）是违反常规的句子结构。（或偏离）是违反常规的句子结构。第40页，此课件共86页哦n n e.g(1)My opinion of the coal trade

25、 on that river is,that it may require talent,but it certainly requires capital.Talent Mr.Micawber has,capital Mr.Micawber has not.(Dickens,David Copperfield)n n此句为强调宾语此句为强调宾语此句为强调宾语此句为强调宾语talenttalent和和和和capital,capital,并用排比的方并用排比的方法将其自然地进行对比法将其自然地进行对比法将其自然地进行对比法将其自然地进行对比,表达了表达了Mr.MicawberMr.Micawbe

26、r徒有徒有才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。第41页，此课件共86页哦n nAdverbials in the initial position：n nE.g.(2)Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;第42页，此课件共86页哦n nNotes:The use of alone first makes it possible for the line to rhyme with the next one,and bestow a musical q

27、uality to the poem.Secondly,this fronting of the adjunct makes the element highly noticeable and reinforce the theme of the poem.第43页，此课件共86页哦n n2.4.2 Deviant Phrase Structuren n To employ phrases that are structurally deviant for the purpose of certain communicative effects.第44页，此课件共86页哦 e.g.Do not

28、 Go Gentle into that Good Night(Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night)(Dylan Thomas,“Do Not Go Gentle into That Night”)第45页，此课件共86页哦 Good night here means death Gentle here means one should not accept death without resistance.Such deviant use of gentle attracts much attention to the line itself and

29、makes the reader pause to think seriously about the meaning of the line and meaning of death.第46页，此课件共86页哦分析：分析：n n语序混乱语序混乱n nMe up at does out of the floorquietly Stare a poisoned mousestill who alive is asking Whathave i done that You wouldnt have (e.e.cummings,(e.e.cummings,“Me up at DoesMe up at

30、 Does”)第47页，此课件共86页哦n n This is a short poem containing only 8 lines and 26 words and is composed exclusively of everyday words and expressions.Nevertheless,it is not easy to understand at a first reading.The difficulty in understanding the poem is caused by the extremity in syntactic deviation in t

31、he first part of the poem and by the graphological deviation as is manifest in the capitalization of the first letter of certain words and the de-capitalization of the pronoun i.i.第48页，此课件共86页哦n nThere is a lot to be said about the syntactic deviation here but for the moment let us simply rearrange

32、the order of some words and lines so as to give some idea of what the poem is about,realizing though that any alteration in syntax would mean some change in meaning.第49页，此课件共86页哦n n a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietly out of the floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You woul

33、dnt have第50页，此课件共86页哦n n From this rearrangement,we may see that Me in the From this rearrangement,we may see that Me in the poem is a human being and the addresser of the poem poem is a human being and the addresser of the poem from whose point of view this scene is presented.It is from whose point

34、 of view this scene is presented.It is perhaps this Me that has poisoned the mouse.We may perhaps this Me that has poisoned the mouse.We may also notice that What have i done that You wouldnt have also notice that What have i done that You wouldnt have is in fact a case of free direct speech.For cla

35、rity,let us is in fact a case of free direct speech.For clarity,let us transform it into direct speech by putting it into a pair of transform it into direct speech by putting it into a pair of quotation marks.quotation marks.n n is asking What is asking What have i done that You wouldnt have第51页，此课件

36、共86页哦n n It is clear then that i refers to the poisoned mouse and You the human being-Me.Now we have come to the point.According to the convention of verse composition,the first letter of each line should be capitalized.第52页，此课件共86页哦n nHowever,cummings here breaches the convention by only capitalizi

37、ng the first letter of the opening line and that of the closing line so that the two words Me and You stand out and become stylistically prominent.Me and You are also in strong contrast with i,Thus,they have acquired great significance in this poem.第53页，此课件共86页哦n n How might we interpret the capital

38、ization and de-capitalization of the pronouns in the poem?A possible interpretation for capitalizing the first letter of Me is that the poet may intend to have the reader see that the addresser considers himself to be superior to the mouse.第54页，此课件共86页哦n n However,the addresser does not seem to be s

39、o calm and sober as the poisoned mouse,for the mouse speaks much more grammatically than he does.This then shows satirically the fact that those who appear to be important and powerful and are in a position to manipulate others destinies may in fact be very weak inwardly.In other words,when they do

40、evil against their own conscience,they cannot help revealing their uneasy feelings.第55页，此课件共86页哦n n Since i is the self-address of the mouse,the decapitalization may demonstrate that the mouse wishes to show its humbleness.The capitalization of You on the other hand manifests that the mouse pays muc

41、h respect to the addresser(the human being-Me),at least outwardly.第56页，此课件共86页哦分析（分析（1）n nBus StopBus Stopn nAnonymousAnonymousn nI ran up the doorI ran up the doorn nOpen the stairs,Open the stairs,n nSaid my pajamasSaid my pajamasn nAnd put on my prayers,n nTurn off my bedn nTumble into the light,

42、Tumble into the light,n nAnd all becausen nYou kissed me good nightYou kissed me good night第57页，此课件共86页哦分析（分析（2）nE.g.I see in the street where strong men are digging bread.-(e.e.cummings)第58页，此课件共86页哦n n2.2.5 Semantic Deviationn n Semantic deviation belongs to deep-structure deviation,which may be d

43、efined as linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a certain linguistic unit,e.g.,a word or phrase(Leech,1969:131).第59页，此课件共86页哦n n E.g.The child is the father of the man第60页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.More haste,less speed.(欲速则不达欲速则不达)第61页，此课件共86页哦n nFigures of speech usually used

44、 in semantic deviation are:Oxymoron,Paradox,Irony.第62页，此课件共86页哦n n(1)Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法矛盾修辞法n n Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect.n n所谓矛盾修辞法是指将语义截然相反对立所谓矛盾修辞法是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用，来揭示某一项事物矛的词语放在一起使用，来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言

45、之，它使用两盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之，它使用两种不相协调，甚至截然相反的特征来形容一种不相协调，甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物，以增强语言感染力。项事物，以增强语言感染力。第63页，此课件共86页哦nE.g.He passed an existence of competitive tranquility.第64页，此课件共86页哦nE.g.Parting is such a sweet sorrow.第65页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.Can enemies become mortal friends?第66页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.He sat there and wat

46、ched them,so changelessly changing,so bright and dark,so grave and gay.第67页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.(New York)has the poorest millionaires,the littlest E.g.(New York)has the poorest millionaires,the littlest great men,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest beauties,great men,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest

47、beauties,the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasures of any the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.town I ever saw.(O.Henry)(O.Henry)n n这座城市（指纽约）里有心里最空虚的百万富翁，人格最这座城市（指纽约）里有心里最空虚的百万富翁，人格最这座城市（指纽约）里有心里最空虚的百万富翁，人格最这座城市（指纽约）里有心里最空虚的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美渺小的伟

48、人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美女，最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的娱乐。比女，最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的娱乐。比女，最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的娱乐。比女，最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的娱乐。比我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。第68页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g.a wise fool n n idiotic wisdom n n cruel

49、 kindness n n victorious defeat n n crowded solitude n n n n 第69页，此课件共86页哦n n bitterly happy n n tearful joy n n proud humility n n loving hate n n 第70页，此课件共86页哦n n（2）Paradox 隽语隽语n nParadox is a Greek word meaning contrary to expectation,apparently absurd or a self-contradictory statement.In rhetori

50、c,paradox is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory,apparently absurd or self-contradictory and yet may be true.Its purpose is to provoke fresh thought.第71页，此课件共86页哦nE.g Failure is the mother of success.nThe more you give,the more you have.多施多得多施多得第72页，此课件共86页哦n nE.g This suspense is