英文医学论文撰写的基本要求及常见问题.ppt

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1、英文医学论文撰写的基本要求及常见问题现在学习的是第1页，共97页英文医学论文的格式和内容英文医学论文的格式和内容文题文题 Title作者名单作者名单 Authors name作者单位作者单位 Author affiliation摘要摘要 Abstract关键词关键词 Key words引言引言 Introduction材料与方法材料与方法 Materials and Methods 现在学习的是第2页，共97页英文医学论文的格式和内容英文医学论文的格式和内容结果结果 Results讨论讨论 Discussions致谢致谢 Aknowledgement利益冲突利益冲突 Conflicts of

2、interest参考文献参考文献 References图、表图、表 Figures,tables图注和表注等图注和表注等 Figure legends,etc.附件附件 Appendices 现在学习的是第3页，共97页现在学习的是第4页，共97页现在学习的是第5页，共97页现在学习的是第6页，共97页现在学习的是第7页，共97页现在学习的是第8页，共97页文文 题题 用用短短语语或或句句子子形形式式集集中中反反映映一一篇篇论论文文主主要要内容的一段文字内容的一段文字 供审稿、引起读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等供审稿、引起读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等 用一定逻辑关系连接起来的名词短语或句子用一定逻辑

3、关系连接起来的名词短语或句子 现在学习的是第9页，共97页对文题的要求：对文题的要求：简简(Brief,字数字数18，2行行)明明(Clear,清楚，不模糊清楚，不模糊)准准(Precise,不夸大、不过于概括、稍不夸大、不过于概括、稍 具体具体)现在学习的是第10页，共97页例例如如：Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 protects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice(Gastroenterology 2002 122:725)现在学习的

4、是第11页，共97页 例例 如如：Amylin peptide levels are raised in infants of diabetic mothers(Arch Dis Child 2005,90:1279)现在学习的是第12页，共97页文题应避免的情况文题应避免的情况 不应过长、不应过于概括、不应抽象不应过长、不应过于概括、不应抽象字数不应超过字数不应超过18个主要词个主要词(major words)。文文题题中中应应避避免免使使用用不不重重要要的的、含含义义不不明明确的词，如：确的词，如：“A study on.”,“An investigation of.”,“A clinic

5、al study on.”,“A survey of.”等词等词现在学习的是第13页，共97页 文文题题如如以以定定冠冠词词The开开头头，多多数数情情况况下下将将其其省略。省略。Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma(N Engl J Med 2005;352:2163)现在学习的是第14页，共97页 复合文题复合文题：例例 如如：Effect of nonoxynol-9 gel on urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infection

6、：A randomized controlled trial(JAMA.2002;287:1117-1122)现在学习的是第15页，共97页 文题的书写格式文题的书写格式：例例 如如：Long-term results of prophylactic cranial irradiation for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer in complete remission(Chin Med J,2005,118:1258)。现在学习的是第16页，共97页文题的书写格式文题的书写格式：国外期刊对文题书写格式要求与国内期刊国外期刊对文题书写格式要求与国内期

7、刊的不同。的不同。每个实词首字母都大写每个实词首字母都大写Perioperative Chemotherapy versus Surgery Alone for Resectable Gastroesophageal Cancer(N Engl J Med,2006,355:11-20)现在学习的是第17页，共97页 文题的某些特别注意事项：文题的某些特别注意事项：数数字字：若若以以数数字字开开始始，用用英英文文拼拼写写的的数数词词，不可用阿拉伯数字。不可用阿拉伯数字。标点符号：标点符号：引号用单引号引号用单引号 药名：药名：用通用名用通用名 种种属属名名称称:微微生生物物、植植物物(草草药药

8、)等等的的正正式式名名用用用用斜斜体体字字,如如Streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoneae,pneumoneae,Helicobacter pyloris 缩略语：缩略语：尽可能避免尽可能避免 现在学习的是第18页，共97页Transfusion-transmitted virus infection 改为：改为：Transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients with viral hepatitides A to E and healthy controls现在学习的是第19页，共97页Pulmonar

9、y function examination of normal infants between 112 months in Guangzhou District Pulmonary function of healthy infants 1-12 months of age in Guangzhou area 现在学习的是第20页，共97页Psychiatric disorders:A rural-urban comparisonRural-urban differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disordersPrevalence of ps

10、ychiatric disorders is higher in urban than in rural areas现在学习的是第21页，共97页Clinical study of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion Symptoms and signes of purulent meningitis suggestive of subdural effusion 现在学习的是第22页，共97页Ann Intern Med:BackgroundObjectiveDesignSettingPatientsIntervent

11、ionMeasurementsResultsLimitationsConclusionPrimary funding source现在学习的是第23页，共97页Induction of anaphylatoxin C5a receptors in rat hepatocytes by lipopolysaccharide in vivo:Mediation by interleukin-6 from Kupffer cells(Gastroenterology 2002 122:689-696)在大鼠肝细胞内以脂多糖在体内诱导在大鼠肝细胞内以脂多糖在体内诱导过敏毒素过敏毒素C5a：来自库普弗：

12、来自库普弗(枯否枯否)细胞白介素细胞白介素6的调节的调节由由1313个个主主要要词词组组成成。特特别别体体现现准准确确，常常见见于于基基础础研研究究论论文文，说说明明研研究究的的具具体体内内容容，同同时时说说明明是是动动物物实实验验，研研究究对对象象是是大大鼠鼠，是是体体内内实实验验，说说明明涉涉及及的的细细胞胞种类等。种类等。现在学习的是第24页，共97页以上几个文题均由名词性短语组成。但也有用完整的句子作为文题者。例以上几个文题均由名词性短语组成。但也有用完整的句子作为文题者。例如：如：Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 pr

13、otects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice(Gastroenterology 2002 122:725-733)趋化因子受体趋化因子受体CCR1的遗传缺陷保护小鼠不患的遗传缺陷保护小鼠不患急性难辨梭状芽胞杆菌毒素急性难辨梭状芽胞杆菌毒素A肠炎肠炎由由13个个主主要要词词组组成成，主主语语是是Deficiency，而而谓谓语语是是protects,注注意意，这这种种情情况况下下，谓谓语语动动词词的的时时态态用用一一般般现现在在时时。还还请请注注意意细细菌菌种种属属名名称称用用斜体字。斜体字。现在学习的是

14、第25页，共97页Cost-effectiveness of coronary stenting and abciximab for patients with acute myocardial infarction:results from the CADILLAC(Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications)trial Circulation 2003 108:2857-2863急性心肌梗死病人冠状动脉支架置入和阿昔单抗治疗的费用效益：降低血管成形术晚期并发症的阿

15、昔单抗和器械对照急性心肌梗死病人冠状动脉支架置入和阿昔单抗治疗的费用效益：降低血管成形术晚期并发症的阿昔单抗和器械对照(CADILLAC)研究研究这一题目比较长，主要因为其中包括一项研究的很长的名称。虽然长，但内容清楚，容易理解。这一题目比较长，主要因为其中包括一项研究的很长的名称。虽然长，但内容清楚，容易理解。现在学习的是第26页，共97页Pulmonary function examination of normal infants between 112 months in Hangzhou District Pulmonary function of healthy infants 1

16、-12 months of age in Hangzhou area 现在学习的是第27页，共97页Test results and clinical significance of the four serum markers in health persons and others suffering with chronic hepatitis Clinical significance of four serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis现在学习的是第28页，共97页Psychiatric

17、disorders:A rural-urban comparisonRural-urban differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disordersPrevalence of psychiatric disorders is higher in urban than in rural areas现在学习的是第29页，共97页Clinical study of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion Clinical characteristics of purulent m

18、eningitis complicated with subdural effusion Symptoms and signs of children with purulent meningitis suggestive of complicated subdural effusion现在学习的是第30页，共97页Labeling and Experimental studies of the infection imaging agent of infected site with 99mTc-(CPF)labeled ciprofloxacin Experimental studies

19、on the imaging of infected site with 99mTc-labeled ciprofloxacin in mice 现在学习的是第31页，共97页Association analysis between the serotonin 1A receptor C(-1019)G polymorphism and major depressive disorder in the Northern Han Nationality of ChinaAnalysis of association between the serotonin 1A receptor C(-101

20、9)G polymorphism and major depressive disorder in the Northern Han ethnic group in China现在学习的是第32页，共97页摘摘 要要(abstract,summary)简简明明但但稍稍微微具具体体地地反反映映一一篇篇论论文文的的主主要要内内容容，供阅读、编入数据库等。供阅读、编入数据库等。背背景景(目目的的)、方方法法、结结果果和和结结论论。不不同同期期刊刊 要要 求求 不不 同同。如如N Engl J Med要要 求求：Background,Method,Result,Conclusion 写好摘要的重要性写

21、好摘要的重要性现在学习的是第33页，共97页 Context(上下文，即上下文，即Background),包括包括Objective的实际内容的实际内容 Design and Setting,Patients,Intervention,Main Outcome Measures,Results,Conclusions.Method现在学习的是第34页，共97页Ann Intern Med:BackgroundObjectiveDesignSettingPatientsInterventionMeasurementsResultsLimitationsConclusionPrimary fund

22、ing source现在学习的是第35页，共97页 目的目的 Objective Abstract Objective To evaluate the reliability of 13C-urea breath test(13C-UBT)in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori(HP)infection by using gastroscopy and serum HP antibody testing.现在学习的是第36页，共97页 又如：Abstract Objective To explore the flow cytometric 3-color

23、 analysis of circulating activated platelets(CAP)and its clinical significance in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.现在学习的是第37页，共97页 表表示示目目的的的的这这一一段段文文字字应应尽尽可可能能避避免免与与文文题题完完全全重复。重复。常用于表示目的的动词不定式短语有：常用于表示目的的动词不定式短语有：To evaluate To explore (国外期刊少用国外期刊少用)To understand To clarify To determine To compare

24、To test the hypothesis 现在学习的是第38页，共97页The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between The present study aimed to report the relationship between The present study was designed to describe the relationship between This study aimed to report our experience of using 现在学习的是第39页，共97页 (目的目

25、的)In this study,the aim was to.(本研究的目的为本研究的目的为.。)The aim of this study was to.This study aimed to 现在学习的是第40页，共97页 方法方法 Method 1 1、研研究究对对象象基基本本特特征征、纳纳入入和和排排除除标标准准、分分组组 2 2、研研究究方方法法、设设计计、所所用用的的技技术术、治治疗疗的的方方法，等等法，等等 3 3、主要和次要终点指标、主要和次要终点指标现在学习的是第41页，共97页Methods In four treatment centers for visceral le

26、ishmaniasis,667 patients between 5 and 55 years of age who were negative for the human immunodeficiency virus and had parasitologically confirmed visceral leishman-iasis were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive paromomycin(502 patients)at a dose of 11 mg per kilo-gram of body weight intramus

27、cularly daily for 21 days or amphotericin B(165 patients)at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram intravenously every other day for 30 days.Final cure was assessed 6 months after the end of treatment;safety assessments included daily clinical evaluations and weekly laboratory and audiometric evaluations.Nonin

28、feriority testing was used to compare 6-month cure rates,with a chosen margin of noninferiority of 10 percentage points.现在学习的是第42页，共97页(方法方法)The follow-up was performed on 26 patients,ranging from 6 months to 46 months,mean 10.68 months.(对对26例例病病人人进进行行了了为为期期6至至46个个月月，平平均均10.68个个月月的随访。的随访。)Twenty-six

29、 patients were followed up for 6-46(mean 10.68)months.现在学习的是第43页，共97页 (方法方法)Use the proper dilution(10-3-10-5)to be inoculated into well grown monolayer of MDCK cells.(用用疫疫苗苗株株的的适适当当稀稀释释液液(10-3-10-5)接种到生长良好的接种到生长良好的MDCK细胞单层上。细胞单层上。)The proper dilutions of the vaccine strain were inoculated onto well

30、 grown monolayer of MDCK cells.现在学习的是第44页，共97页(方法方法)The follow-up was performed on 26 patients,ranging from 6 months to 46 months,mean 10.68 months.(对对26例例病病人人进进行行了了为为期期6至至46个个月月，平平均均10.68个个月月的随访。的随访。)Twenty-six patients were followed up for 6-46(mean 10.68)months.现在学习的是第45页，共97页14 cases of LAM incl

31、uding one autopsy were collected from XXX hospital.Data of 14 cases with LAM including one autopsy were collected from XXX hospital.现在学习的是第46页，共97页There were 19 men and 6 women of the 25 cases with age range from 24 to 76 years(mean age,54.9 years).Of the 25 cases,19 were men and 6 were women with a

32、ge ranged from 24 to 76(mean 54.9)years.现在学习的是第47页，共97页如果用单独一句话表示年龄，一般不会错。如果用单独一句话表示年龄，一般不会错。如如:The mean age of the patients was 58 years(48-67 years).The patients age ranged from 58 to 67 years(mean 58 years).The patients were in average 58 years old.现在学习的是第48页，共97页方法部分经常出现问题的是年龄的表示法方法部分经常出现问题的是年龄的

33、表示法如：如：The patients aged 5.514 years old were divided into 2 groups.aged和和old有一个即可，不应同时出现。有一个即可，不应同时出现。现在学习的是第49页，共97页The patients aged 5.5-14 years were divided into 2 groups.或或The patients，5.5-14 years old，were divided into 2 groups.或或The patients 5.5-14 years of age were divided into 2 groups.The

34、 5.5-14 years old patientd were divided into 2 groups.方法部分的时态也要用一般过去时。方法部分的时态也要用一般过去时。现在学习的是第50页，共97页 结结 果果 Results 一一般般论论文文摘摘要要中中占占篇篇幅幅较较大大的的是是这这一一部部分分。这这一段介绍最主要的研究结果。一段介绍最主要的研究结果。时态用一般过去时。时态用一般过去时。应应介介绍绍一一些些关关键键的的数数字字。国国内内不不少少杂杂志志包包括括统统计计学学处处理理结结果果（具具有有可可信信区区间间的的有有关关数数据据或或P值值等等）。多数期刊都主张包括。多数期刊都主张包

35、括P值。值。现在学习的是第51页，共97页 在在摘摘要要的的结结果果部部分分描描述述结结果果时时，应应当当避避免的一些情况：免的一些情况：The results of our study showed that It was shown that The present study showed that 等等。等等。因因为为前前面面有有个个小小标标题题Results，可可以以直直接接开开始描述结果。始描述结果。现在学习的是第52页，共97页下面是下面是N Engl J Med一篇摘要的结果部分：一篇摘要的结果部分：Results The mortality rate was 30.8 per

36、cent in the placebo group and 24.7 percent in the drotrecogin alfa activated group.On the basis of the prospectively defined primary analysis,treatment with drotrecogin alfa activated was associated with a reduction in the relative risk of death of 19.4 percent(95 percent confidence interval,6.6 to

37、30.5)and an absolute reduction in the risk of death of 6.1 percent(P=0.005).The incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the drotrecogin alfa activated group than in the placebo group(3.5 percent vs.2.0 percent,P=0.06).现在学习的是第53页，共97页(初步修改初步修改)The positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM in patients wit

38、h Schonlein-Henoch purpura,juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,dermatomyositis,systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease were 25%and 20%,37.2%and 20%,40%and 20%,42.9%and 28.6%,37.5%and 25.0%,respectively.There was no significant difference in the positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM among the above f

39、ive types of childrens common rheumatism disorders of children(P0.05).现在学习的是第54页，共97页(再次修改再次修改)B19-DNA and IgM antibody were positive in 25%and 20%,37.2%and 20%,40%and 20%,42.9%and 28.6%,37.5%and 25.0%,in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura,juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,dermatomyositis,systemic l

40、upus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease,respectively.The differences among the five groups were not significant(P0.05).现在学习的是第55页，共97页(进一步修改进一步修改)No significant differences in positivity rates of B19-DNA and IgM antibody were found among the patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura,juvenile rheumatoid

41、 arthritis,dermatomyositis,systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease(P0.05).现在学习的是第56页，共97页 结结 论论 Conclusion 这一部分一般也就用这一部分一般也就用13句话。很多摘句话。很多摘要只用一句话表示结论。例如：要只用一句话表示结论。例如：Conclusion Patients who received their first CABG surgery without cardiopul-monary bypass had improved cognitive outcomes 3

42、 months after the procedure,but the effects were limited and became negligible at 12 months.谓语动词用一般过去时。谓语动词用一般过去时。现在学习的是第57页，共97页Conclusions Exercise capacity is a more powerful predictor of mortality among men than other established risk factors for cardiovascular disease.仅一句话，谓语动词用了一般现在时。仅一句话，谓语动词

43、用了一般现在时。现在学习的是第58页，共97页Conclusions Impaired glucose tolerance is highly prevalent among children and adolescents with severe obesity,irrespective of ethnic group.Impaired oral glucose tolerance was associated with insulin resistance while beta-cell function was still relatively preserved.Overt type

44、2 diabetes was linked to beta-cell failure.现在学习的是第59页，共97页 结论部分，内容上要紧紧围绕或针对研究的目结论部分，内容上要紧紧围绕或针对研究的目的和取得的结果叙述，不应扩大范围、慎重使用或的和取得的结果叙述，不应扩大范围、慎重使用或不用推测的语句、也不应对研究本身进行评论或褒不用推测的语句、也不应对研究本身进行评论或褒奖奖(这种作法在国内作者写的摘要中经常出现这种作法在国内作者写的摘要中经常出现)。应。应当当“就事论事就事论事”。至于对研究本身的意义或价值，应等待其他至于对研究本身的意义或价值，应等待其他研究人员重复或有关部门进行评价、鉴定

45、，而且研究人员重复或有关部门进行评价、鉴定，而且这种鉴定或评价的结果也不是写进论文摘要中的这种鉴定或评价的结果也不是写进论文摘要中的内容。内容。现在学习的是第60页，共97页“This paper reported application of the new technique in China for the first time.”所所说说的的研研究究可可能能确确实实在在国国内内是是首首次次报报告告应应用用这这种种技技术术，但但结结论论中中只只应应谈谈应应用用的的结结果果说说明明这这种种技技术术是是否否适适用用，对对诊诊断断治治疗疗有有何何作作用用等等，没没有有必必要要说说明明是是否否是

46、是第第一一次次应应用用。很很多多情情况况下下，证证明明某某件事是第一次是很难作到的。件事是第一次是很难作到的。现在学习的是第61页，共97页The present study provides theoretical and experimental basis for pathogenesis of the syndrome.This study paved the way to establishment of new treatment for the disease.这些说法都是空洞的，往往是过于夸大这些说法都是空洞的，往往是过于夸大的，是脱离研究内容本身的语句，应绝对避的，是脱离研究

47、内容本身的语句，应绝对避免。免。现在学习的是第62页，共97页The present study may lead to appearance of new type of therapy against the disease.如果确实有可能导致新治疗技术的出现，也如果确实有可能导致新治疗技术的出现，也不应当在摘要的结论中说这些话。一定要说的不应当在摘要的结论中说这些话。一定要说的话，可在正文的讨论部分提一下。话，可在正文的讨论部分提一下。还应当避免如下语句：还应当避免如下语句：The possible mechanisms of the therapy were also discusse

48、d.现在学习的是第63页，共97页关键词关键词 在摘要下方，应提供在摘要下方，应提供3-10个关键词或短语以利于编制个关键词或短语以利于编制参照索引。关键词可与摘要同时刊登。关键词应选用参照索引。关键词可与摘要同时刊登。关键词应选用 美国美国国立医学图书馆的国立医学图书馆的“医学主题词表医学主题词表”（MeSH）中的术语。）中的术语。如果如果“医学主题词表医学主题词表”中的术语不适合新出现的专业术中的术语不适合新出现的专业术语，则可直接采用新术语。语，则可直接采用新术语。现在学习的是第64页，共97页引引 言言INTRODUCTION 说明研究的背景、现状，本项研究的目的。说明研究的背景、现状

49、，本项研究的目的。(目的应比较具体，不应扩大范围。目的应比较具体，不应扩大范围。)仅列列举直接相关的文献，不要包括本直接相关的文献，不要包括本论文文的数据和的数据和结论。现在学习的是第65页，共97页引引 言言 INTRODUCTION 一般用一般用3-53-5段文字。段文字。第第1 1段，历史。段，历史。第第2 2段，现状。段，现状。第第3 3段，未解决的问题。段，未解决的问题。第第4 4段，本研究的目的。段，本研究的目的。避免：避免：太长、太短、引用过多文献、贬低别人的太长、太短、引用过多文献、贬低别人的 工作、谈本研究的方法或结果。工作、谈本研究的方法或结果。现在学习的是第66页，共97

50、页引引 言言 引言部分的时态，多数情况下用一般过去引言部分的时态，多数情况下用一般过去时。但因具体描述内容不同也可采用一般现在时。但因具体描述内容不同也可采用一般现在时时(已有军政府的规律或现象已有军政府的规律或现象)或其他时态。或其他时态。现在学习的是第67页，共97页材料材料(病例病例)与方法与方法25段。段。1、研究对象、研究对象 一般资料一般资料(如系患者或健康人，如系患者或健康人，人口统计学资料，包括种族、民族、年龄范围、性别，人口统计学资料，包括种族、民族、年龄范围、性别，等。等。)诊断、分型及依据或出处，确定诊断的方法。纳入诊断、分型及依据或出处，确定诊断的方法。纳入和排除的标准