英语构词法讲稿.ppt

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1、关于英语构词法第一页，讲稿共五十六页哦一：构词法分类1 1派派生生词词：词词根根 (或或单单词词)附附加加前前缀缀、后后缀缀构构成成新新词词叫叫派派生词生词rich-enrich home-homelessrich-enrich home-homeless2 2 转换法转换法：把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类：把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类 back n.back n.背背-back v.-back v.支持支持 slow adj.slow adj.慢的慢的-slow v.-slow v.减慢减慢3 3合成法合成法：由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词：由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词 bl

2、ackboard hand-made blackboard hand-made 手工制作的手工制作的第二页，讲稿共五十六页哦语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换的。语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法，其中主考查不同词性在句中的不同用法，其中主要涉及到以下三条：要涉及到以下三条：1.在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语,用用副词；副词；2.在句中作定语、表语或补语在句中作定语、表语或补语,一般用形容一般用形容词；词；3.作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语,用用名词。名词。第三页，讲稿共五十六页哦派生法派生法又叫词缀法

3、，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。第四页，讲稿共五十六页哦一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1.否定前缀(1)un-a.un+形容词：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy,u

4、npleasant,unable,untrue第五页，讲稿共五十六页哦b.un+副词：undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un形容词构成的词除了unknown,unseen,unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。c.un动词：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpack第六页，讲稿共五十六页哦(2)im形容词：impossible,impolite(3)in形容词：incorrect,incomplete,invisibl

5、e,independent(4)ir形容词：irregular(5)mis动词：misspell,misunderstand,mistake第七页，讲稿共五十六页哦(6)dis-a.dis名词：dishonour,disease,discomfortb.dis形容词：dishonest,discouragedc.dis动词：disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss第八页，讲稿共五十六页哦2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1)a，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在之上、向、处于状态”：ahead

6、,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。(2)fore，表示“在前面”：forehead,foreground,forearm,foreleg(3)in,il,im,ir表示“向内在内”：inside,include,import(4)inter，表示“在间、相互”：international(5)intro，表示“在（向）内”：introduce第九页，讲稿共五十六页哦(6)out，表示“向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflow(7)over，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,

7、overcome,overtime,overgrow(8)pre，表示“在前”：prefix,preposition(9)pro，表示“在（向）前”：progress,programme(10)sur，表示“在上”：surface,surround第十页，讲稿共五十六页哦(11)trans，表示“转移”：translate(12)under，表示“在下”：undergraound,underline(13)up，表示“向上”：upward,upset,upstairs(14)be，表示“在，靠近”：before,behind,below,between,beyond(15)ex，表示“向外，从

8、出来”：exchange,export(16)tele，表示“远”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph第十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀(1)fore，表示“在前，预先”：foreword,foresight,foretell(2)mid，表示“中间”：midnight,midsummer,midautumn(3)post，表示“在后”：postwar,postlistening(4)re，表示“重复”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuild(5)extra，表示“格外、超越”：e

9、xtraordinary(6)over，表示“超过”：overcome,overeat,overpass(7)super，表示“极、超”：supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower第十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦4、表示共同、相等关系(1)com（在b,m,p前），col，con，cor（com在g,l,r及其它辅音前）：company,cnnect,correct(2)co：cooperate,coexist(3)sym：sympathy,symphony第十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦5、表示整个、完全关系(1)al：alone,almost,altogeth

10、er(2)over：overall,overflow,overfall第十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦6、表示“离、离开”(1)a：arise,away,apart(2)de：depart,dewater,decolour(3)se：separate,select(4)for：forget,forgive第十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦7、变换词类作用的前缀(1)enem：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empower(2)ad，ac，af，ag，an，ap，ar，as，at，（ad在c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前的变体）：adapt,across,affect,appe

11、ar,arrange,assist,attend,attract第十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦8、表示加强意义(1)a：ashamed,arouse,amuse(2)ad：address,admire,advise,advance(3)be：belong,believe第十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦二：派生词二：派生词1 常见名词的缀1）动词+-er/-or名词 villager teacher actor operator操作员 user performer 2)动词+ee名词（表示“受动者，行动者”）interviewee 被采访者 trainee 培训生 payee 收（受）款人 employe

12、e第十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦3)-ist 表示“从事研究者；信 仰主义者”。如：pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 artist艺术家 chemist药剂师4)-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”。如：freedom自由 kingdom王国 wisdom智慧第十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦 5)以 ent/ant结 尾 的 形 容 词 -ance/ence结 尾 的 名 词violent(violence)distant(distance)present(presence)absent(absence)obedient(obedience)competent(competence)能力,胜

13、任,称职 intelligent(intelligence)智力 confident(confidence)patient(patience)convenient(convenience)elegant(elegance)different(difference)第二十页，讲稿共五十六页哦注意：特殊ent结尾的形容词-ency结尾的名词current-currency fluent-fluency urgent-urgencyfrequent-frequency efficient-efficiency第二十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦6)动词+(a)tion/sion名词 express/grad

14、uate/impress/devote -expression/graduation/impression/devotion persuade/divide/decide/conclude/expandpersuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion admit/permit admission/permissionobserve/consider/transport/determine/organize/invite observation/consideration/transportation/organization/invitatio

15、n第二十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦 注意：compete/apply/solve/intendcompete-competitionapply-applicationsolve-solutionintend-intention第二十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦7)动词/形容词+y 名词injure-injury discover-discoveryrecover-recovery deliver-deliverydifficult-difficulty modest-modestyhonest-honesty注意：safe-safety secure-security brave-bravery 第二十

16、四页，讲稿共五十六页哦8）动词+ment名词agree-agreement adjust-adjustment arrange-arrangement manage-management argue-argument govern-government acknowledge-acknowledgement punish-punishment employ-employment entertain-entertainment announce-announcement appoint-appointment embarrass-embarrassment state-statement enc

17、ourage-encouragement 第二十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦9）形容词/动词+th 名词 strong-strength wide-width long-length deep-depth warm-warmth grow-growth10)形容词+ness名词 kind-kindness happy-happiness11）动词al结尾的名词arrive-arrival survive-survivalapprove-approval propose-proposalrefuse-refusal第二十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦2.常见形容词的后缀1）名词+-ful/-less(意思与原

18、词相反)形容词 care careful careless power powerful powerless hope hopeful hopeless pain painful painless use useful useless第二十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦2)名词+y 形容词 dust-/dirt-/salt-/wind-/fog-/water-/rain-/sun-/cloud-/taste-fog-foggy sun-sunny taste-tastyhealth-/wealth-3)名词/动词+-able /-ible 形容词 rely-reliable terror-terrib

19、le value-valuable belief-believable forgive-forgivable change-changable consider-considerable comfort-comfortable第二十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦4)名词+al形容词 naturenatural person-personal nation-national education-educational5)名词+ly形容词 love-lovely live-lively friend-friendly dead-deadly week-weekly第二十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦6)动词的2个

20、形容词frighten(frightening/frightened)terrify(terrifying/terrified)amaze (amazing/amazed)astonish(astonishing/astonished)shock(shocking/shocked)surprise(surprising/surprised)puzzle(puzzling/puzzled)disappoint(disappointing/disappointed)excite(exciting/excited)interest(interesting/interested)第三十页，讲稿共五十六

21、页哦3常见副词的后缀1）-ly表示方式或程度。personal personally 个人地 entire-entirely（注意true-truly）angry angrily生气地 terrible terribly可怕地flexible-flexibly possible-possibly simple-simply probable-probably 第三十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦2)-ward（s）朝，向 back backwards 向后 up upwards 向上 out outwards 向外 3)wide 用于名词之后表范围。nation nationwide 全国性地 wor

22、ld worldwide 全世界地4常见动词的后缀1）-(e)n使成为，引起，使有某些形容词后-(e)n weak weaken(使)虚弱，减弱 short shorten缩短 sharp sharpen(使)变锋利,明朗第三十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦某些名词后-(e)n fright frighten（使）惊吓 length lengthen加长 strength strengthen加强-en放在某些形容词前 rich-enrich large-enlarge2)(i)fy 使化，使成 beauty beautify美化 pure purify提纯 simple simplify使简 cla

23、ss classify.分类 quality qualify取得资格（或学历）第三十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦3)ize/-ise 做成，变成，化 real realize意识到 organ organize组织 apology apologize道歉 modern modernize使现代化 normal normalize 使正常化 civil-civilize 使文明第三十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦三：合成法1.复合名词的主要构成方式有：(1)名词+名词 如：newspaper报纸 teamwork 协作 (2)形容词+名词 如：blackboard 黑板 highway 公路 (3)副词+名词

24、 如：overcoat大衣 underground 地铁 (4)名词+介词短语 如：father-in-law岳父 mother-in-law 岳母第三十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦2.复合动词的主要构成方式：(1)副词+动词 如：update更新 overlook 忽视(2)名词+动词 如：sun-bathe日光浴 proof-read 校对 3.复合代词的主要构成方式：(1)代词宾格或物主代词+self/selves 如:ourselves itself(2)某些不定代词+body/thing/one 如:nobody everything.第三十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦4.复合形容词的主要构成方

25、式：(1)名词+形容词 如：colour-blind色盲的(2)副词+形容词 如：over-sensitive过敏的(3)名词+分词 如：hand-made手工制作的(4)形容词+名词 如：good-looking好看的 (5)副词+分词 如：well-meant好意的 outstanding 出色的 第三十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦(6)形容词+名词 如：gentleman 绅士 greengrocer 水果商 (7)形容词+名词+-ed 如：ill-mannered 不礼貌的(8)数词+名词+(-ed)如：two-faced两面派的 one-sided 片面的(9)名词+名词+-ed 如：ir

26、on-willed有钢铁意志的第三十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦5.复合副词的主要构成方式：1)名词+名词,如：sideways向旁边(2)名词+副词,如：headfirst头朝下(3)形容词+名词,如：meanwhile同时(4)介词+名词,如：beforehand事先第三十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦四：转化法(有大量的动词可以转化为名词)have a look(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,interview,taste)make a study(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,answer)come to

27、 a stop(end,pause)第四十页，讲稿共五十六页哦一 练习题1.He must be _ (mental)disabled.1.He must be _ (mental)disabled.2.2.His His teacher teacher took took a a deep deep drink,drink,smiled smiled _ _(warm),(warm),and and thanked thanked his his student student very very much much for for the the sweet water.sweet wat

28、er.3.3.But But Jane Jane knew knew from from past past experience experience that that her her _ (choose)(choose)of of ties ties hardly hardly ever ever pleased pleased her her father.father.mentallywarmlychoice第四十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦4.4.This This proverb proverb is is saying saying we we have have to to let

29、 let things things go in their _(nature)course.go in their _(nature)course.5.5.We We drank drank together together and and talked talked _ _(merry)(merry)till far into the night.till far into the night.6.6.All All facts facts are are the the source source of of _ _(conclude).(conclude).naturalmerril

30、yconclusion第四十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦7.7.I I wont wont do do the the purchase purchase because because the the price price of of this dress is _this dress is _(reason)._(reason).8.8.However,However,most most _(science)_(science)agree agree that that EQ EQ has a lot to do with _(educate).has a lot to do with _(e

31、ducate).9.9.Excellent Excellent oral oral and and written written _ _(communicate)(communicate)skills skills in in Chinese Chinese and and English English are are of _(important).of _(important).unreasonablescientistseducationcommunicationimportance第四十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦10.10.It It is is your your _ _(free)

32、(free)to to do do what what you you want want after class.after class.11.11.He He devoted devoted much much money money to to building building schools schools in in _(mountain)areas._(mountain)areas.12.12.Unfortunately,Unfortunately,my my car car broke broke down down on on a a _ _(mud)road.(mud)ro

33、ad.13.13.To To make make myself myself _,_,I I would would do do some some _exercise after work.(relax)_exercise after work.(relax)freedommountainousmuddyrelaxedrelaxing第四十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦14.14.We We _ _(apology)(apology)for for the the late late departure departure of this flight.of this flight.15.15.Th

34、e The article article can can _(long)_(long)out out a a little little by by adding some examples.adding some examples.16.16.His His illness illness _(worse)_(worse)during during the the night.night.17.17.The The black black people people were were against against slavery slavery and and fought for t

35、heir freedom _(brave).fought for their freedom _(brave).apologizelengthenworsenbravelybravely第四十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦18.18.He He went went out out of of the the office office _ _(hurry)(hurry)to to run after her.run after her.19.One 19.One _(investigate)_(investigate)described described the the robbery as a“_

36、(profession)job”.robbery as a“_(profession)job”.20.Letting 20.Letting that that animal animal escape escape was was no no accident;accident;you did it _(intention).you did it _(intention).hurriedlyinvestigationprofessionalintentionally第四十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦二、请根据中文含义写出下列常见复合词：二、请根据中文含义写出下列常见复合词：复合词复合词词性词性中文意

37、义中文意义1.n.护照护照2.vt.下载下载3.n.降雨量降雨量4.adj.非凡的非凡的5.adj.超重的超重的passport downloadrainfall extraordinary overweight 第四十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦复合词复合词词性词性中文意义中文意义6.n.打字机打字机7.vt.克服克服,战战胜胜8.adj 坦率的坦率的9.n.女推销员女推销员10.adv.在户外在户外outdoors outspoken/straightforward typewriter saleswoman overcome 第四十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦即时练习：即时练习：根据黑体词在句中所作

38、句子成分根据黑体词在句中所作句子成分,判断其词性及其意义。判断其词性及其意义。1.In particular,there was(and perhaps still is)a belief in fairies(仙女仙女)1.名词名词 in particular 尤其尤其,特别是特别是2.Only thus can we better the life of the people.2.动词动词 改善改善第四十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦3.Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-i

39、mage and your whole world.3.名词名词 关键关键4.They finally freed themselves from slavery.4.动词动词 使自由使自由第五十页，讲稿共五十六页哦5.This site gives you instant access to a wide range of information on studying and living in the UK.5.access 名词名词 接触接触(使用使用,接近接近)的机会的机会(方法方法,门路门路),捷径捷径 range 名词名词 范围范围6.They marked the hours

40、on candles and used sand in hour-glasses.6.mark 及物动词及物动词 做标记于做标记于,标明标明,记录记录第五十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦7.Finally,I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house.7.offer 名词名词 提议提议8.Thats why your mommy and I have named you Ari.8.name 及物动词及物动词 命名命名第五十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦9.I love this feeling of protec

41、ting you and dreaming of all I have in store for you.9.store 名词名词 贮藏贮藏,贮存贮存10.Some of the diseases spread is due to global warming.10.spread 名词名词 蔓延蔓延,传播传播第五十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦即时练习：即时练习：请按提示完成如下有关缩略形式的练习。请按提示完成如下有关缩略形式的练习。缩略形式缩略形式 中文含义中文含义 1.WHO 2.corp.3.电冰箱电冰箱 4.电子书电子书 5.IT 6.体育馆体育馆 7.edu 8.广告广告 9.CV 世界卫生组织世界卫生组织 公司公司 fridge e-book 信息技术信息技术 gym 教育教育 ad 履历履历 第五十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦10.PC 11.Dr 12.流行的（只作定语）流行的（只作定语）13.CD 14.宿舍宿舍 15.kph 16.千克千克 17.实验室实验室 18.VIP 19.十二月十二月 20.WTO 个人电脑个人电脑 博士博士,医生医生 pop dorm 公里公里/时时 kilo lab 要人要人,大人物大人物 Dec 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织 镭射唱片镭射唱片 第五十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦感谢大家观看第五十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦