生活英语读写 (7).pdf

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1、How to Write an Expository Essay1OutlineLearning objectives How to write an expository essay Criteria for expository essays Homework2The students should be able to:understand the basic principles of exposition.master the skills and methods of explaining a process or what something is,for instance,co

2、mparison and contrast,classification,cause and effect,and definition.know how to write an expository essay.Learning objectives3How to write an expository essay What is Expository Writing?What are the steps in writing expository essays?What are the components of an expository essay?What are some Expo

3、sitory Organizational Patterns?4What is Expository Writing?Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain,describe,give information or inform.In writing expository prose,the writer remains aware of two things:purpose and the reader.The purpose is to communicate to the read

4、er what they need to know to understand a subject.5What is Expository Writing?There are 2 kinds of expository writing:1.“how”:it explains a process,how to do sth.e.g.How to cook a dishHow to learn English wellHow to write an essay2.“what”:it explains an idea,a phenomenon,etc.e.g.The benefits of volu

5、nteeringThe importance of keeping a good moodThe best way to stay healthy6What is Expository Writing?Here are some popular essay topic examples for expository essay type:Explain how fashion changes in 1920 influenced fashion trends today Explain Major Ecological Changes What is Love Explain the Cons

6、equences of Nationalism7Steps in writing expository essays Organize the essay Write a thesis sentence Select a method of development:definition,example,comparison and contrast,cause and effect,classification,process analysis,etc.Write topic sentences for the body paragraphs Write a paragraph of conc

7、lusion8Structure of an expository essay Expository essays follow the same structure as other types of essays,with an introductory paragraph,body paragraphs and a conclusion.Expository essays should also contain a bibliography that cites the sources of information used in the paper when necessary.9In

8、troductory paragraph The first paragraph introduces the topic of the paper,including a thesis statement that should be grounded in facts.The introductory paragraph should hook the readers attention and makes clear the authors feelings about his topic.10Body paragraphs Following the introductory para

9、graph,an expository essay should contain body paragraphs that either lay out the steps for completing a process or provide supporting information that defends the authors thesis.The number of body paragraphs the author includes depends on the number of steps required or the amount of information nec

10、essary to adequately address the topic.11Body paragraphs Body paragraphs should include a topic sentence,as well as transitional sentences or phrases that connect the ideas of each individual paragraphs.Transitional phrases include In addition to,Furthermore,On the contrary,and Last,but not least.In

11、cluding effective transitions improves the flow of the paper.12Concluding paragraph A concluding paragraph,also known as a wrap up or summary paragraph,should not simply restate the thesis of the paper,but readdress it from a different perspective or say the same thing in a different way.The conclud

12、ing paragraph should not introduce new information,but should summarize the major points already presented.The conclusion is the last chance for the author to make an impression on the audience,so he must be clear and concise in the conclusion.13Bibliography(optional)The purpose of the bibliography

13、is to give credit to others for use of their information,as well as to provide a list of sources the reader could use to conduct further research.A bibliography is often given in alphabetical order by author and include the title of the article,book,website or other publication,publisher and publica

14、tion date and location.1415Which of the following should be avoided in the conclusion?Summarizing the major ideas brieflyRepeating the thesis statement exactlyProposing a new idea for further thinkingReinforcing your position clearlyABCD提交多选题1分What are some Expository Organizational Patterns?An expo

15、sitory essay may answer questions like:1.What is it?(definition)2.Are there examples of it?(illustration)3.Can it be divided or classified into a large category?(division/classification)4.Is it similar to or different from something else?(comparison/contrast)5.How is it made?(process analysis)6.Why

16、is it so?(cause and effect)16Definition Definition is to explain the meaning of a term.Different kinds of definition:1.simple definitione.g.A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.17Definition2.extended definitione.g.COVID-19 is the i

17、nfectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus.This new virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan,China,in December 2019.COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many countries globally.From:https:/www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses18Definiti

18、on2.extended definitione.g.A door is a movable structure contained within a framework which separates two areas by covering an opening and whose principle purpose is to facilitate entrances and exits.There are all kinds of doors.There are hanging doors,swinging doors,overhead doors(升降门),trap doors(天

19、窗),and sliding doors(拉门).Doors come in all sizes and shapes and are customarily made of wood,steel,aluminum,or glass.Without doors,our living would not be nearly as comfortable or secure as it is.19DefinitionExample:Only a person far away from home knows what homesickness is.It is the welling-up tea

20、rs in your eyes,the lump in your throat,the waving hands when the train is drawing out of the station and taking you away from home.It is the strength with which you walk the three miles to your home with heavy bags in your hands after a long tiring trip,and the halt,excitement,and hesitation at the

21、 doorstep.20DefinitionExample:Only a person far away from home knows what homesickness is.It is the welling-up tears in your eyes,the lump in your throat,the waving hands when the train is drawing out of the station and taking you away from home.It is the strength with which you walk the three miles

22、 to your home with heavy bags in your hands after a long tiring trip,and the halt,excitement,and hesitation at the doorstep.21Illustration(举例)Illustration is the use of example to illustrate a point.It is the most common,and often the most efficient,pattern of exposition.A successful illustration pa

23、per depends on a wise selection of sufficient examples which are specific and typical,interesting and relevant-personal or second-hand from reliable sources22IllustrationExample:Some people will do the strangest things to gain fame.For example,there are those who go in for various kinds of marathons

24、,dancing or blowing bubbles gum for days at a time,to get their names in the paper or in record books of some kind.Then there are people who sit on flagpoles for a week or more,apparently enjoying the attention they receive from the crowd below.There are people who hope to impress others because the

25、y ate the most cream pies or because they collected the most bottle tops.And there are even people who seek public notice by way of setting a record for the number of articles of clothing they can put on at one time or the number they can take off.Of course,there are a few mentally twisted individua

26、ls who seek fame at the expense of other peoples property or even lives,but fortunately the great majority of people satisfy their urge to be remembered in ways that produce little more damage than a bad case of indigestion.23IllustrationExample:Some people will do the strangest things to gain fame.

27、For example,there are those who go in for various kinds of marathons,dancing or blowing bubbles gum for days at a time,to get their names in the paper or in record books of some kind.Then there are people who sit on flagpoles for a week or more,apparently enjoying the attention they receive from the

28、 crowd below.There are people who hope to impress others because they ate the most cream pies or because they collected the most bottle tops.And there are even people who seek public notice by way of setting a record for the number of articles of clothing they can put on at one time or the number th

29、ey can take off.Of course,there are a few mentally twisted individuals who seek fame at the expense of other peoples property or even lives,but fortunately the great majority of people satisfy their urge to be remembered in ways that produce little more damage than a bad case of indigestion.24Divisi

30、on/Classification(分类)It is used to classify one subject into several categories according to a common quality.e.g.courses in college:1)elective and required/compulsory2)those taught in the native language and those offered in foreign languages.25Division/Classification(分类)When using classification i

31、n your writing,keep in mind the following guidelines:1)Choose an appropriate principleA body of students may be classified into male and female,or majors of natural sciences,social sciences,etc.2)Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly,and avoid overlapping.It is faulty to classify delegate

32、s at a conference into Europeans,Africans,Canadians,Chinese and blacks.26Division/Classification(分类)Example:In Britain,state schools can be classified according to the age range of the pupils and the type of education provided.Basically,there are two types of schools:primary and secondary.Primary sc

33、hools cater to children age 5-11 and secondary schools ages 11-16(and up to 19).Primary schools can be sub-divided into infant schools(for age 5-7)and junior schools(for age 7-11).Secondary schools may be one type for all abilities,viz.（即）comprehensive schools;most secondary schools are of this kind

34、.Alternatively,pupils may be grouped according to their ability and selected by means of an examination at age 11(known as the“11-plus exam”).Thus,grammar schools cater to those with academic ability;modern schools for those with less academic ability;and technical schools for those with more practi

35、cal skills.27Division/Classification(分类)Example:In Britain,state schools can be classified according to the age range of the pupils and the type of education provided.Basically,there are two types of schools:primary and secondary.Primary schools cater to children age 5-11 and secondary schools ages

36、11-16(and up to 19).Primary schools can be sub-divided into infant schools(for age 5-7)and junior schools(for age 7-11).Secondary schools may be one type for all abilities,viz.（即）comprehensive schools;most secondary schools are of this kind.Alternatively,pupils may be grouped according to their abil

37、ity and selected by means of an examination at age 11(known as the“11-plus exam”).Thus,grammar schools cater to those with academic ability;modern schools for those with less academic ability;and technical schools for those with more practical skills.28Comparisons/Contrast(比较)A comparison explains h

38、ow things are similar,and a contrast,how they are different.Only items of the same general class can be compared/contrasted.29Comparisons/Contrast(比较)A comparison/contrast essay usually follows one of the two patterns:subject-by-subject pattern or point-by-point pattern.In subject-by-subject pattern

39、,the writer discusses the various points of one subject before going on to the other.In point-by-point pattern,the writer discussed both subjects under each of the various points.30Comparisons/Contrast(比较)Example:subject-by-subject pattern Thesis statement:A is a better school than B.A1.student body

40、2.teaching staff3.library and other facilities4.campus B1.student body2.teaching staff3.library and other facilities4.campus31Comparisons/Contrast(比较)Example:point-by-point pattern Thesis statement:A is a better school than B.I.student body1.A2.B teaching staff1.A2.B library and other facilities1.A2

41、.B campus1.A2.B32Comparisons/Contrast(比较)Example:I am amazed at how little trouble it is living with and liking two such different roommates.Their physical appearances differ greatly.With small brown eyes and straight black hair to her shoulders,Julie is tall and lean.Pat,on the other hand,is tiny.U

42、nder five feet tall,she keeps her hair short and fluffy（蓬松）.These two girls also have different kinds of interests.Julie likes reading or relaxing quietly in front of the television set.But for Pat the outdoor life holds more interest than books or screens.The most interesting difference between the

43、m is their approach to schoolwork.Julie grows tense before an exam.Pat,on the contrary,takes everything easy,and exams are no exception.Since I can live in harmony with my two roommates in spite of their differences,I am confident that I will be able to get along with most people anywhere.33Comparis

44、ons/Contrast(比较)Example:I am amazed at how little trouble it is living with and liking two such different roommates.Their physical appearances differ greatly.With small brown eyes and straight black hair to her shoulders,Julie is tall and lean.Pat,on the other hand,is tiny.Under five feet tall,she k

45、eeps her hair short and fluffy（蓬松）.These two girls also have different kinds of interests.Julie likes reading or relaxing quietly in front of the television set.But for Pat the outdoor life holds more interest than books or screens.The most interesting difference between them is their approach to sc

46、hoolwork.Julie grows tense before an exam.Pat,on the contrary,takes everything easy,and exams are no exception.Since I can live in harmony with my two roommates in spite of their differences,I am confident that I will be able to get along with most people anywhere.34Process analysis(过程描述法)It instruc

47、ts readers how to do something.It involves a series of steps.Therefore,the steps must be organized in chronological order.Use transitional words.previously,presently,afterward,meanwhile,at that moment,from then on,first,next,later,instantaneously35Process analysisExample:My heart gave a leap when I

48、heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destinationBeijing.Like other passengers,I began to collect my things,and put my mug,towel,atlas（地图册）,apples,and other things into my bag.To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform.

49、I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall.As I stepped out of the station,I was dazzled（眩目）by the bright autumn skies of Beijing.Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night,

50、I didnt feel tired at all,and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies.36In-class exerciseRead the following ten sentences on“How to properly wear a medical mask?”and rearrange them in order by filling in the blanks with letters A to J.37381.填空1 Do not touch the mask while you ar