【配套K12】备战2018年高考英语 必考话题分类解析 话题03 自然与灾害(Nature Disaster)(含解析).pdf

《【配套K12】备战2018年高考英语 必考话题分类解析 话题03 自然与灾害(Nature Disaster)(含解析).pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《【配套K12】备战2018年高考英语 必考话题分类解析 话题03 自然与灾害(Nature Disaster)(含解析).pdf（24页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、教育配套资料 K12话题话题 0303 自然与灾害自然与灾害（Nature&DisasterNature&Disaster）【话题解读】【话题解读】自然与环境是高中新课程标准话题之一，亦是高考英语常考话题。本话题包括动人与自然的和谐相处，人在自然界的生存、植物保护、生态保护、自然灾害、等方面。这些话题与学生的生活息息相关，联系密切。通过对这些话题的学习以及高考英语对这些话题的考查，可以让学生多注意身边的人和事、关注自然环境、学会与大自然和谐相处。自然与环境是高考英语热点话题，通常以阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达的形式考查。例如：2017 年新课标全国卷 II 阅读理解 D 篇。.核心单词核心单词

2、1._n.灾难2._vt.引起；导致n.原因；事业；目标3._n.家具4._vt.埋葬5._vi.发生6._vt.&n.（雷电、暴风雨等）袭击7._vt.毁坏8._adj.以前的9._n.&v.损失；损害10._vt.经历_adj.有经验的11._adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强烈的_n.暴力12._n.可能；可能性_adj.可能的_adv.可能地13._adj.吓人的；可怕的_adj.恐惧的；受惊吓的_vt.使惊恐；使受惊吓14._adv.幸运地；幸亏_adj.幸运的_n.运气15._adv.满怀希望地；有希望地_adj.有希望的_n.&vt.希望，期望教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K1216

3、._adv.伤心地；不幸地_ adj.悲伤的_ n.悲伤17._n.警告_vt.警告18._adj.积极的；活跃的_n.活动19.19._n.自然；性质；本性_ adj.自然的，天生的20.20._n.灾难；灾祸；不幸.重点短语.重点短语1.卷起；掀起；拾起；搭载；偶然学会2.去掉；脱掉；起飞3.平均起来4.结果为；以结束5.总共；共计6.指的是；谈到；提到；涉及7.记下；放下；镇压8.set fire to9.catch fire10.put out11.take place12.do damage to13.turn over14.in all教育配套资料 K12_ _教育配套资料 K12

4、.核心单词核心单词1.disaster 2.cause 3.furniture 4.bury 5.occur6.strike 7.ruin 8.previous 9.damage 10.experience；experienced11.violent；violence 12.possibility；possible；possibly13.terrifying；terrified；terrify 14.luckily；lucky；luck 15.hopefully；hopeful；hope16.sadly；sad；sadness 17.warning；warn 18.active；activit

5、y19.nature；natural 20.disaster.重点短语重点短语1.pick up 2.take off 3.on average 4.end up 5.in all6.refer to 7.put down 8.放火(焚烧)9.着火 10.扑灭(火)11.发生 12.(对)造成损害 13.翻过来；翻阅(书页)14.总共；总计（一）世界最危险火山随时爆发（一）世界最危险火山随时爆发 或造成灾难或造成灾难Mount Nyiragongo is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world and scientists sayit

6、is only a matter of time before it makes the city below a modernday Pompeii.尼拉贡戈火山是世界上最危险的火山之一，科学家表示，山脚下的城镇重现庞培古城的悲剧只是时间的问题。But they dont know when since,located as it is in the war-torneastern edge of the democratic republic of Congo,the two mile high cauldron of lava is also oneof the least well u

7、nderstood.因位于战火纷飞的刚果共和国东部地区，科学家们对于这座高大的岩浆炉知之甚少，所以尚且不能预计这场灾难性浩劫将在何时发生。At the base of Nyiragongo sprawls Goma,a city of an estimated one million people,numbersswelling by the day as villagers from the countryside seek refuge from rebel and government forces.坐落于尼拉贡戈火山脚下的戈马城人口将近 100 万左右，由于众多灾民因不堪叛军与政府军的

8、折磨而教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K12逃亡于此，该地的人口数量也在迅速增加。Twice in recent years Nyiragongos eruptions have hit the city,destroying homes and sendingresidents fleeing.but now,seismologists believe,the risk is not just near the city,but directlybeneath it.该火山最近两次的喷发已经对这座城市造成了沉重的打击，众多房屋被毁，居民流离失所。但据地震学家称，对于戈马城的威胁不仅来自于附

9、近的火山，就连地下也危机四伏。For the past20 years the region hassuffered nearly constant warfare,including a spilloverfrom the genocide in neighbouring Rwanda.在近 20 年中，这一地区一直饱受战乱之苦，大量的逃亡人口从首都卢旺达逃难到此。A fragile,often broken peace is maintained by 20,000 United Nations troops,one of the largestpeace-keeping missions

10、 in the world.由两万人的联合国维和部队所维护的这一地区的和平不堪一击，这也是世界上最艰巨的维和任务之一。Italian seismologist Dario Tedesco has spent the last 15 years studying Nyiragongo,withfunding from the European union.获得欧盟资助的意大利地震学家达利奥特德斯库在过去15 年中一直在对尼拉贡戈火山进行研究。He has struggled to focus the scientific communitys attention on volcano,and h

11、e says,thereis no question it will erupt again.他竭力地将学术界的注意力转移到这座火山上来，并称再次爆发是毫无疑问的。Goma,he toldNational Geographic magazine,is the most dangerous city in the world.他对国家地理杂志说，戈马是世界上最危险的城市。History suggests he may be right.In 2002,350,000 fled after the volcano shot more than 15million cubic yards of la

12、va into downtown Goma,destroying 14,000 homes and burying buildingsto the top of the first floor.历史也许能替他佐证，2002 年的火山爆发致使 1,500 万立方码的火山灰降落到了市区，14，000 幢房屋被毁，建筑物被完全掩埋。（二）当地震发生时的你该如何应对？（二）当地震发生时的你该如何应对？When walking outside When walking outside 行走在户外时行走在户外时Take caution against falling objects,such as sig

13、ns and broken windows.Tools and constructionmaterials can fall down at a construction site.Protect your head with your bag or coat and keep教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K12at a distance from tall buildings.Stone walls and pillars can also fall down and are potentiallydangerous.当心坠落的物体，例如广告牌和破碎的窗户。建筑工具和材料有可能从建筑工地

14、跌落。用包或大衣保护自己的头部，和高层建筑保持距离。石墙和柱子也可能会倒塌，从而带来安全隐患。When driving a car驾驶车辆时Firmly hold the steering wheel,gradually reduce speed,park your car on the side of the road,and stop the engine.Listen to information on the radio and find out what is happening.If you need to evacuate,leaveyour keys,keep the door

15、s unlocked,and walk away with your car documents and valuables.握稳方向盘，逐渐减速，然后把车停到路边，关掉引擎。收听广播信息，了解目前状况。如果需要撤离，应将车钥匙留下，不锁车门，并随身携带好车辆证件和贵重物品。When underground or in a subway 在地下或乘地铁时The shaking you feel when you are underground is about half of what you would experience overground.Additionally,undergrou

16、nd areas have strong structures and are safer than high-risebuildings.Calmly evacuate,following instructions from shop clerks and subway staff.地下感受到的震动大约只有地上的一半。另外，地下建筑通常比高层建筑更坚固、安全。应按照店员和地铁工作人员的指示，沉着冷静地撤离。When in high-rise building When in high-rise building 在高层建筑时在高层建筑时Elevators with earthquake se

17、nsors will stop at the nearest floor.Immediately leave theelevator.If you get stuck in the elevator,use the intercom to contact someone outside and waitfor rescue.When you evacuate from buildings,never useelevators,listen to announcements,and use the stairs toleave the building.装有地震感应器的电梯会停靠在最近的楼层，此

18、时应迅速地离开电梯。如果被困在电梯里，应用其通话装置和外部联系，然后等待救援。从楼房撤离时，不要使用电梯，而应听通告，使用楼梯离开大楼。When near the ocean When near the ocean 在海边时在海边时教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K12Head for higher ground and carefully listen to tsunami information.Do not go near the oceanuntil tsunami warnings have been cleared.Dont even think about going to w

19、atch tsunamis!立即向高处转移，同时收听海啸信息。在海啸警报解除之前，不要靠近海边，更不要有观看海啸的荒谬想法。高考试题一（2017 年新课标卷 II）题型阅读理解体裁说明文话题植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己 When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send outa

20、 particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured partsof the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicalsknown as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out V

21、OCs when being attacked.Its aplants way of crying out.But is anyone listening?Apparently.Because we can watch the neighboursreact.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.Theypump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies t

22、o the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.Thedamage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbors,relatively speaking,staysafer because the

23、y heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists dont know.Maybe the first plantjust made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talkingto itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened tooverhear the cry.So informati

24、on wasexchanged,but it wasnt a true,intentional back and forth.教育配套资料 K12难度建议时间6 分钟教育配套资料 K12CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Theresawholelotgoingon.32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itmakesnoises.C.I

25、tstandsquietlyB.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbythetablesareturnedinparagraph3?A.Theattackersgetattacked.B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.34.Scientists find from their studies that plant

26、s can .A.predict natural disastersB.protect themselves against insectsC.talk to one another intentionallyD.help their neighbors when necessary35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?A.The world is changing faster than ever.B.People have stronger senses than beforeC.The world is more complex tha

27、n it seemsD.People in Darwins time were imaginative.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出 VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。32.D【解析】细节理解题。根据reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects sendout a particularsmell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts ofthe

28、plant and seem to be an alarm可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K1235.C【解析】推理判断题。根据imagined a world far busier,noisier and more intimate(亲密的)than the worldwe can see and hear.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选 C。高考试题二（2016

29、 年北京卷）题型阅读理解体裁记叙文话题Natalie 创建网站来分享求助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要帮助的人。Surviving Hurricane SandySurviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)Natalie Doan,14,has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway,New York.Living just a few blocksfrom the beach,Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house.Its the oceanthat makes R

30、ockaway so special,she says.On October 29,2012,that ocean turned fierce.That night,HurricaneSandy attacked the EastCoast,and Rockaway was hit especially hard.Fortunately,Natalies family escaped to Brooklynshortly before the citys bridge closed.When they returned to Rockaway the next day,they found t

31、heir neighborhood in ruins.Manyof Natalies friends had lost their homes and were living far away.All around her,people weresuffering,especially the elderly.Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarilyattend a school in Brooklyn.In the following few days,the men and women helping Rockaw

32、ay recover inspired Natalie.Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys.Neighbors devoted their spare timeto helping others rebuild.Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water andfood to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.My mom tells me that I

33、cant control what happens to me,Natalie says.but I can always教育配套资料 K12难度建议时间6 分钟教育配套资料 K12choose how I deal with it.Natalies choice was to help.She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.Natalieposted information about a boy named Patrick,who lost his baseb

34、all card collection when his houseburned down.Within days,Patricks collection was replaced.In the coming months,her website page helped lots of kids:Christopher,who received a newbasketball;Charlie,who got a new keyboard.Natalie also worked with other organizations to bringmuch-needed supplies to Ro

35、ckaway.Her efforts made her a famous person.Last April,she was invitedto the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.Today,the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway,but hope is in the air.The streets are clear,and many homes have been rebuilt.I cant imagine livin

36、g anywhere butRockaway,Natalie declares.My neighborhood will be back,even stronger than before.59.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane,she found _.A.some friends had lost their livesB.her neighborhood was destroyedC.her school had moved to BrooklynD.the elderly were free from suffer

37、ing60.According to Paragraph 4,who inspired Natalie most?A.The people helping Rockaway rebuild.B.The people trapped in high-rise buildings.C.The volunteers donating money to survivors.D.Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.61.How did Natalie help the survivors?A.She gave her toys to o

38、ther kids.B.She took care of younger children.C.She called on the White House to help.D.She built an information sharing platform.62.What does the story intend to tell us?A.Little people can make a big difference.B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K12C.East or west,home is best.D

39、.Technology is power.【话题解读】Natalie 是一个 14 岁的孩子，她生活的地方遭到了飓风桑迪的袭击，受灾严重。看到人们在帮助家乡重建，Natalie 也加入了进去，Natalie 创建网站来分享求助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要帮助的人。Natalie 的行为得到了社会的认可，她受到了表扬。suffering,especially the elderly排除 D；根据When they returned to Rockaway the nextday,they found their neighborhood in ruins.可知，他们的街区被飓风毁了，故选B。62.A

40、【解析】写作意图题。根据倒数第二段Her efforts madeher a famous person.Last April,shewas invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.可知，Natalie 的助人行为得到了社会的认可，她受到了表扬，这说明小人物也可以有大作为，故选 A。高考试题三（2015 年重庆卷）题型阅读理解体裁说明文话题在非洲骑着马近距离观赏野生动物的奇妙之处 There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物)in A

41、frica,but riding a horse throughthe flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most excitingwildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure,providing unique rides twicea day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses,pr

42、ofessional guides andlots of support workers.Theyhave a reputation for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride,when the guides take you to beautiful,shallow lakes full of water lilies,tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in thesplashing

43、water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face,教育配套资料 K12难度建议时间6 分钟教育配套资料 K12it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals,too.On horsebackit is possible to get quite close to elephants,giraffes and many other animals.The sense ofex

44、citement and tension levels rise suddenly though,as does your heart rate,as you move closerto them.In the evening,rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace,with golden lightstreaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate thoughthey are,rides at this

45、time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass throughthe dust kicked up by the horses,the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking backon your day,you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as c

46、lose as you will evercome to answering the call of the wild.48.What does the underlined word They refer to?A.Flooded waters.B.Wildlife journeys.C.Safari camps.D.Unique rides.49.What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?A.Seeing and feeling the real African life.B.Enjoying good

47、 food and wine at the camp.C.Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.D.Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.50.What does the underlined word Sedate probably mean?A.Wild and romantic.B.Slow and peaceful.C.Hungry and thirsty.D.Active and excited.51.The author introduces the rid

48、ing experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by_.A.following space orderC.making classificationsB.following time orderD.giving examples【话题解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了在非洲骑着马近距离观赏野生动物的奇妙之处。教育配套资料 K12教育配套资料 K1248.C【解析】考查代词指代。上两句中谈到了Several safari camps给游客提供的服务以及它们的特点，本句又说明它们因为给游客提供美妙的骑马的经历而闻名，因此They 指的是上文提到的Several s

49、afari camps。51.B【解析】考查写作手法。作者在第三段中先说了早上的旅程，第四段涉及晚上的旅程，尾段谈到回到营地，由此可知作者是按时间顺序写的。高考试题四（2015 年北京卷）题型阅读理解体裁说明文话题海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制 Life in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes througha window.These animals typically live between the surface of the

50、 ocean and a depth of about 3,300feet as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damagedby a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist in biology,says,These animals live through theirlife alone.They never touch anything unless theyre eating it,or unless something is e