2018考研英语一真题《考研推荐》.docx

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1、2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, fr

2、iendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3 . 4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the

3、herding instinct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to stra

4、ngers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a pl

5、astic container. The tester would ask, "What's in here?" before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, "Wow!" Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was emptyand realized the tester had 17 them.Among

6、the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the " 20 " tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A from B for C like D on

7、2. A attention B concern C faith D interest3. A benefit B price C debt D hope4. A Again B Instead C Therefore D Then5. A When B Unless C Although D Until6. A selects B applies C produces D maintains7. A connect B compete C consult D compare8. A by B to Cof D at9. A context B circle C period D mood10

8、.A counterparts B colleagues C substitutes D supporters11.A Odd B Funny C Lucky D Ironic12.A protect B delightC surprise D monitor13.A over B withinC toward D between14.A added B transferredC introduced D entrusted15.A out B insideC back D around16.A proved B rememberedC insistedD discovered17.A foo

9、led B mocked C betrayedD wronged18.A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled19.A On the whole B As a result C For instance D In contrast20.A incapable B inflexibleC unreliableD unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each te

10、xt by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility e

11、ntirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupationstrucking, financial advice, so

12、ftware engineeringhave aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were di

13、splaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers ma

14、y need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculumsfrom grammar school to collegeshould evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communic

15、ation. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to d

16、o so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to com

17、bine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be ret

18、hought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years

19、, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21. Who will be most threatened by automation?A Leading politicians.B Low-wa

20、ge laborers.C Robot owners.D Middle-class workers.22. Which of the following best represents the authors view?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B Optimists opinions on new tech find little support.C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.D Negative consequences of new tech

21、 can be avoided.23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onA creative potential.B job-hunting skills.C individual needs.D cooperative spirit.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atA encouraging the development of automation.B increasing the return on capital inve

22、stment.C easing the hostility between rich and poor.D preventing the income gap from widening.25. In this text, the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it.B possible solutions to it.C its alarming impacts.D its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than t

23、wo-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust

24、has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the Univer

25、sity of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of

26、young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and

27、actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engagem

28、ent.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found

29、 the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to shar

30、e news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinkin

31、g skillsand in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubt onA the justification of the news-filtering practice.B people's preference for social media platforms.C the administration's ability to handle information.D soci

32、al media as a reliable source of news.27. The phrase "beef up” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning toA boast.B define.C sharpen.D share.28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people A tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B verify news by referring to diverse sources.C have a str

33、ong sense of social responsibility. D like to exchange views on "distributed trust".29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA readers' misinterpretation.B journalists' biased reporting.C readers' outdated values.D journalists' made-up storie

34、s.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendB A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineC The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social MediaD The Platforms for Projection of Personal InterestsText 3Any fair-minded assessment

35、 of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but

36、it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million pat

37、ients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologised. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangementsand there may be manybetween the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully s

38、crutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the bla

39、me on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysi

40、s of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless

41、millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a priva

42、te monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as big pharma has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences la

43、ter. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denhams report is a welcome start.31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?A It fell short of the latter's expectations.B It caused conflicts among tech giants.C It failed to pay due attention to

44、 patients' rights.D It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict withA empty promises.B tough resistance.C sincere apologies.D necessary adjustments.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B th

45、e value of data comes from the processing of it.C making profits from patients' data is illegal.D leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal isA the monopoly of big data by tech giants.B the vicious rivalry among

46、 big pharmas.C the uncontrolled use of new software.D the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare isA ambiguous.B appreciative.C cautious.D contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many reasons thi