化工热力学课件章优秀PPT.ppt
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1、化工热力学课件章第1页,本讲稿共34页 热力热力 学学(thermodynamics)作为一门科学诞生于作为一门科学诞生于19世纪,最初世纪,最初用于研究和描述蒸汽机用于研究和描述蒸汽机(steam engine)的操作以及蒸汽机工作的极的操作以及蒸汽机工作的极限,后来上升到热机限,后来上升到热机(heat engine)的研究和应用。的研究和应用。“热力学热力学”名称的名称的本身就意味着本身就意味着“来自热的能量来自热的能量”,因为,因为thermo代表热,代表热,dynamics代代表动力。热力学在研究热机工作的基本原理过程中,总结、归纳出了著表动力。热力学在研究热机工作的基本原理过程中,
2、总结、归纳出了著名的热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律。名的热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律。第2页,本讲稿共34页 热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律没有任何数学意义上的证明,它热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律没有任何数学意义上的证明,它是自然界基本规律的总结,迄今为止,没有任何人对这二个定律提出异是自然界基本规律的总结,迄今为止,没有任何人对这二个定律提出异议(除了一些科学狂人),自然界发生的过程或出现的现象也都遵循这议(除了一些科学狂人),自然界发生的过程或出现的现象也都遵循这二个定律。二个定律。第3页,本讲稿共34页 热力学第一和第二定律奠定了热力学科学的理论基础。从热热力学第一和第二定律奠定了热
3、力学科学的理论基础。从热力学第一和第二定律出发,通过一系列数学推导,建立了一整套力学第一和第二定律出发,通过一系列数学推导,建立了一整套的热力学公式,形成了完整的热力学理论体系。这就是我们今天的热力学公式,形成了完整的热力学理论体系。这就是我们今天所认识的热力学。所认识的热力学。伴随热力学科学的形成和发展,产生了一批著名的数学家和化学家,伴随热力学科学的形成和发展,产生了一批著名的数学家和化学家,其中,贡献最大的是美国数学家其中,贡献最大的是美国数学家Josiah Willard Gibbs。下面是下面是Josiah Willard Gibbs的介绍。的介绍。第4页,本讲稿共34页Josiah
4、 Willard Gibbs(1839-1903)第5页,本讲稿共34页 Josiah Willard Gibbs(1839-1903)has been reckoned as one of the greatest American scientists of the 19th century.He provided a sound thermodynamic foundation to much of Physical Chemistry.“Gibbs Phase Rule”is well known to all in the field today.Yale educated,he w
5、as awarded the first Doctor of Engineering in the U.S.,and was appointed Professor of Mathematical Physics at Yale in 1871.In 1873 he published his first major works,Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids.In 1876 came his most famous paper:On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.第6
6、页,本讲稿共34页John M.Prausnitz第7页,本讲稿共34页 The research purpose of Prausnitz is to obtain,interpret and correlate thermodynamic properties of a variety of mixtures as required for process and product design in the chemical and related industries,including biotechnology.Toward that end,we obtain experiment
7、al data,perform Monte-Carlo molecular simulations and develop molecular-thermodynamic models based on the statistical mechanics of fluids and solids.Attention is given to crude oils,natural gas,polymers and protein solutions.While these research studies contribute to our fundamental understanding of
8、 condensed matter,their primary application is for economic,industrial-scale chemical engineering design.目前目前Prof Prausnitz 的研究领域和研究方法的研究领域和研究方法第8页,本讲稿共34页Kenneth S.Pitzer(1914-1997)另一个近代热力学著名学者另一个近代热力学著名学者第9页,本讲稿共34页 Kenneth S.Pitzer was born in Pomona,California,in 1914.He received his B.S.in 1935
9、 from Caltech and his Ph.D.in chemistry from UC Berkeley in 1937.He was immediately appointed to the faculty of the Department of Chemistry at Berkeley,where he spent most of his distinguished career.Professor Pitzer took leave to serve in Washington,D.C.,during World War II and again from 1949 to 1
10、951,when he was Director of Research for the Atomic Energy Commission.Upon returning to Berkeley,he was appointed Dean of the College of Chemistry,a position that he held until 1960.He subsequently became President first of Rice University(1961-1968)and then of Stanford University(1969-1971).In 1971
11、,he returned to Berkeley,becoming Professor Emeritus in 1984.第10页,本讲稿共34页 Professor Pitzer was the founder of modern theoretical chemistry at Berkeley.He not only used quantum and statistical mechanics to explain the thermodynamic and conformational properties of molecules,but he also pioneered quan
12、tum scattering theory for describing chemical reactions at the most fundamental level.He also made contributions to relativistic effects in chemical bonding and the theory of fluids and electrolyte solutions.第11页,本讲稿共34页化工热力学面临的问题化工热力学面临的问题 化工热力学面临的最大问题是:化工热力学面临的最大问题是:理论研究多理论研究多,实际应用少实际应用少。美国美国 Univ
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