《2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测》重难点03 阅读理解之说明文（原卷版）.doc

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1、重难点03 阅读理解之说明文【命题趋势】最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒

2、号都有表示解释和说明）等。【满分技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可

3、以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词2. 根据因果关系猜测词义3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4. 通过句法功能来推测词义5. 通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行。（三）

4、构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1. 根据前缀猜测词义2. 根据后缀猜测词义3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇

5、章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3.

6、段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。【热点话题】 说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）A（合肥六中2020届高三冲刺最后一卷）话题：文章主要说明了新加坡和越南的工程师们决定把所有的垃圾变成有用的东西。难度：建议用时：6分When life gives you pineapplesand hundreds of millions of tons of pineapple wastewhat do you do? Engineers in Singapore and Vietnam decided to tum all the waste

7、into something usefulthe heat barrier for their pineapple juice. Not only does their new material keep drinks cool better than many commercial coolers, but it could also offer a final resting place for the worlds pineapple waste.To find a use for those leftovers, the researchers mixed pineapple fibe

8、rs, which they cut up in an electric device, with a sticky agent as a solvent. They then treated the mix with sound waves at frequencies greater than 20 kHz and heated it in an oven at 80 for 2 hours. The suspension that formed was then cooled before being freeze-dried.The result was a pale yellow a

9、erogel (气凝胶) that is lightweight, flexible, and more than 96% porous (多孔的)qualities that make it an ideal material against both heat and sound.When the researchers wrapped a sheet of the pineapple aerogel around a military-style canteen bottle, they found that the aerogel could provide three times t

10、he heat exchange reduction of commercially available alternativesthey reported this month in Materials Chemistry and Physics. The gel-wrapped bottle kept -3 water cooled below 0 for 6 hours and liquid heated to 90 above 40 for 2.5 hours. Whats more, the pineapple gel also acted as a sound barrier; i

11、n another test, the gel did a better job of preventing noise from getting in or out than Basmel, a popular kind of sound barrier.The findings provide a new, eco-friendly approach to recycling agricultural cast-offsand a good excuse to get a better electric device for your kitchen.8. Why do engineers

12、 come up with the idea of the heat barrier?A. To lower the cost of heat barriers.B. To make good use of pineapple waste.C. To find a better cooler for pineapple juice.D. To turn pineapples into something more useful.9. What is the last step of making the pineapple aerogel?A. Freeze-drying the suspen

13、sion.B. Cooling the formed suspension.C. Cutting up the pineapple leftovers.D. Treating the mix with sound waves.10. What can we learn about the pineapple aerogel from paragraph 4?A. It kept the liquid heated to 130 for about 2.5 hours.B. It kept the water cooled below -3 for nearly 6 hours.C. It co

14、uld be three times as effective as other heat barriers.D. It did a better job as a sound barrier than as a heat barrier.11. What is the best title for the text?A. A Better Way to Keep Drinks Cool.B. An Alternative Way to Recycle Waste.C. Pineapple Waste, a Wonderful Drink Cooler.D. Pineapples, One o

15、f the Most Common Fruits. B（长春外国语学校2020-2021学年第一学期高三年级期初考试）话题：文章主要说明了每个人都会拖延，这是人类状态的一部分。难度：建议用时：6分Everyone procrastinates(拖延). “It's part of the human condition, ”says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl. “We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” He admits that in the s

16、hort term, procrastination is powerfully rewarding. The present self-benefits, of course, but not the future self. His research has shown that people can procrastinate on nearly anything, even enjoyable tasks such as planning a vacation. Some people procrastinate cleaning. Some people procrastinate

17、by cleaning. The top tasks people delay are advancing their careers, taking care of their health, and planning their finances. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a ne

18、w job for years. That inability to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It's totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don't take the risk, I don't have to face the judgment. Yet it's simply me judging myself.” Some people embrace procrastin

19、ation, insisting that the white-hot pressure of a last-minute completion makes his or her work better. But researchers have proved it wrong. “I did an experiment, putting procrastinators under restrictions of time. They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they thought they did better.” says Jose

20、ph Ferrari, a psychology professor. “Non- Procrastinators focus on the task that needs to be done. They have a stronger personal identity and are less concerned about what psychologists call social esteem's how others like us.” Procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Just thinki

21、ng about what you haven't done may cause discomfort. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. If you've been putting off a work project, reread your boss's notes about it.8. According to Tim Pychyl, people procrastinate because

22、.A. it simplifies the tasksB. it offers temporary reliefC. it allows more time for planningD. it benefits one's self development9. What did Kelli Saginak mean by “Yet it's simply me judging myself”?A. She has false expectations.B. She makes quick judgement.C. She regrets taking no action.D.

23、She values her present career.10. What does Joseph Ferrari's experiment show?A. Procrastinators usually lack confidence.B. Procrastinators turn pressure into motivation.C. Non-procrastinators care much about others 'feelings.D. Non-procrastinators perform better within a time limit.11. What

24、is the author's attitude towards procrastination?A. Favorable.B. Reserved.C. Opposed.D. Objective. C（哈师大附中2020年高三第四次模拟考试）话题：文章介绍了法兰克福汽车制造商正在准备汽车展览，介绍了不同汽车的功能。难度：建议用时：6分Fascination AutoFRANKFURT, Germany-European automakers are preparing for the biggest European motor show, the 89th International

25、 Automobile-Ausstellung (IAA) in Frankfurt, with affordable new family coupe (小汽车) and range-topping luxury models.Maserati Spyder GTFailed to download image : http:/qbm-images.oss-cn-Maseratis new Spyder GT may resemble the coupe on the outer appearance, but it has a shorter wheelbase, a new engine

26、 and a new mechanical platform. The coupe wont receive those changes until 2021. The new 4.4-liter V-8 engine gets 390 horsepower and 44 pounds lighter than the 3.2-liter biturbo power plant it replaces. The Spyder is expected to be about $138,000.Saab 9XFailed to download image : http:/qbm-images.o

27、ss-cn-Described by Saab, the 9X is a sports coupe that combines the features of a coupe, roadster (跑车), sedan (私家轿车) and pickup truck. The two-door coupe, created by Michael Mauer, is a preview of future Saab styling signal.BMW 9 Series Failed to download image : http:/qbm-images.oss-cn-A fourth gen

28、eration of BMWs high-dollar sedan arrives for 2021, introducing what BMW says is the worlds first six-speed automatic transmission (变速器). The V-8 engine is said to be loaded with technical advances. It develops 353 horsepower and 332 pound-feet of twisting force. The latest version of BMWs Head Prot

29、ection System adds rear-side airbags. Active Knee Protection, which contains an additional airbag to protect the knees of front passengers, is a new feature.Porsche 911Carrera Targa Failed to download image : http:/qbm-images.oss-cn-The third model in the 911 Carrera series in the redesigned Targa,

30、which joins the coupe. The Targas whole glass roof covers nearly 5 square feet and is powered by two electric motors. The rear window is now folded for a bigger cargo bay, which has increased from 7.1 to 8.1 cubic feet.1. What does“biturbo power plant”refer to in Paragraph 2?A. Wheelbase.B. Horsepow

31、er.C. Platform.D. Engine.2. Which of the following is more concentrated on safety?A. Saab 9X.B. BMW 9 Series.C. Maserati Spyder GT.D. Porsche 911 Carrera Targa.3. What is special about Saab 9X?A. It signals the style of future coupes.B. It provides all-glass top for the owner.C. It is a combination

32、of various functions.D. It resembles the other four-door coupes physically. D（长春外国语学校2020-2021学年第一学期高三年级期初考试）话题：研究人员发现酒也可能成为人们饮食的一部分。难度：建议用时：6分It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form

33、part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to pr

34、otect against, rather than promote, weight gain. The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.Boston Universitys Dr. Harvey Finkel found that

35、the biologic mechanisms(生物学机制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very

36、 obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that futur

37、e research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regul

38、ar basis increases ones risk of becoming obese. Whats more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol(白藜芦醇), a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.12. The passage is mainly for those_.A. who produce wineB. who have a drinking habitC. who go on a dietD. who are eager t

39、o lose weight13. The underlined phrase in moderation in the first paragraph means _.A. excitedlyB. carefullyC. frequentlyD. properly14. What can we learn from the passage?A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fa

40、t.C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.15. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A. How to do some easy experiments.B. How to reduce the calories contained in win

41、e.C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.D. How to make wine in a healthy way. E（江西师大附中 2020 届高三三模英语考试卷）话题：文章主要讲述了看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但在植物授粉方面，蜜蜂发挥着重要作用。难度：建议用时：6分While bees hopping from one flower to another is vivid to watch, having bees disturbing a backyard barbecue certainly isnt. They may seem li

42、ke pesky creatures to get rid of, but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially the impact they have on our livelihood.The main purpose of bees, particularly honey bees, is to help pollinate the plants around them. According to the Department of Entomology at Pennsylvania

43、State University, pollinators (such as bees) help to fertilize plants, which results in “the formation of seeds and the fruit surrounding seeds”. Pollinators are necessary for three-quarters of our major food crops, including fruits, vegetables, and nuts. An estimated 300,000 species of plants need

44、pollinators. Thats around 80 to 95 percent of plant species. Without pollinators, the number of crops we have will take a serious hit.Other pollinators can help out with this process including butterflies, beetles, and flies. Even some birds and bats can be pollinators. However, bees of various spec

45、ies are known for being natural pollinators for plants.Unfortunately, for years there has been an alarming decline of bees around the globe. The University of Vermont published a study stating that 23 percent of the wild bee population declined between 2008 and 2013. 139 counties in parts of Califor

46、nia, the Pacific Northwest, the Midwest, west Texas and the Mississippi River valley have taken the worst hit in wild bee declines. Since 39 percent of U.S. croplands rely on pollinators for their crop including those beloved apple orchards and pumpkin patches in the fall, we are facing a serious th

47、reat.By taking care of the bees, our world is able to benefit in terms of agricultural income and nutritious food supply. You may not be able to make a huge change on an industrial level, but as someone with a landscape of your own, why not help save the bees?28. What is the best title for the passage?A. Bees Is Disappearing?B. How You Can Save Bees?C. How Bees Help Pollinate the Plants?D. Why Y