《2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测》专题1 阅读理解.docx

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1、专题1阅 读 理 解英语阅读理解要求考生阅读四篇短文,从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛,包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样,以记叙文、说明文、议论文及应用文为主。高考阅读理解旨在考查考生语言的综合运用能力,要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息,具体要求做到:(1)理解文章主旨要义;(2)理解文中具体信息;(3)根据上下文推断生词词义;(4)做出简单判断和推理,理解文章的基本结构;(5)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。20172019年全国卷阅读理解主题和文体分析试卷A BCD总词数2019年卷应用文(260

2、/81词):面向学生的暑期工作公告记叙文(331/109词):Canaan小学二年级总统竞选演讲活动说明文(265/132词):智能键盘防止数据和身份信息盗窃议论文(367/133词):受欢迎度对青少年成长的影响1678(1223/455)2018年卷应用文(270/91词):华盛顿骑车游记叙文(273/141词):节目推荐食谱说明文(311/110词):人类语言越来越少说明文(363/126词):用新设备代替旧设备1685(1217/468)2017年卷应用文(226/73词):游览指南记叙文(293/92词):救助年幼的猫头鹰说明文(338/128词):庆祝纽约爵士乐日说明文(307/12

3、4词):太阳能蒸馏器1529(1164/365)20172019年全国卷阅读理解主题和文体分析试卷A BCD总词数2019年卷应用文(263/66词):介绍四本好书记叙文(335/151词):说服家长参加志愿者活动说明文(347/136词):美国人喜欢独自用餐说明文(310/136词):美国航空航天局的HUNCH计划1774(1255/489)2018年卷应用文(293/70词):暑期活动说明文(268/110词):水果甜品说明文(301/130词):青少年阅读议论文(323/119词):闲谈的益处1614(1185/429)2017年卷应用文(298/78词):剧院演出信息记叙文(287/1

4、18词):友谊说明文(317/116词):新型交通工具说明文(291/124词):植物间的“交谈”1629(1193/436)20172019年全国卷阅读理解主题和文体分析试卷A BCD总词数2019年卷应用文(191/77词):话剧的开幕和新剧首映议论文(287/138词):中国文化影响国际时尚说明文(291/115词):“便士报纸”的发展历史说明文(325/112词):科学研究猴子会算数1536(1094/442)2018年卷应用文(204/81词):参观霍克庄园说明文(318/135词):关于加拿大道森市的兴衰史记叙文(375/125词):中国著名建筑师王澍的建筑作品记叙文(309/13

5、7词):简单玩具的乐趣1684(1206/478)2017年卷应用文(244/77词):旅游记叙文(275/138词):老电影院关闭说明文(291/91词):灰狼重返黄石公园说明文(338/117词):老年人开车1571(1148/423)20172019年全国卷阅读理解题型比较试卷总题数细节理解题 推理判断题主旨大意题词义推断题2019年卷1575212019年卷1584212019年卷1567112018年卷1574312018年卷1594112018年卷1594202017年卷1568102017年卷1584212017年卷157521从上面的表格可以看出,这几年高考阅读理解有以下特点:

6、(1)融入英语学科核心素养。2019年题材选自一些外国的网站或刊物。题材贴近生活,所宣扬的价值观也符合主流思想,切实体现了普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)英语学科的核心素养。(2)考生阅读量有增有减。试题主要考查考生单位时间内的阅读分析能力。(3)考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。英语阅读理解常考试题类型有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义推断题、主旨大意题,其中细节理解题所占比重最大。题目设置主要以细节理解题和推理判断题为主,兼顾词义推断题和主旨大意题。(4)无缝衔接课标词汇。全国卷命题衔接普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)词汇,对考生词汇要求提升。试卷中的部分生词给了注释,还有很多未

7、给注释的生词是派生词,考生应该学会利用派生法、转义法拓展词汇,同时多熟悉课标词汇变化部分。Passage 12019·全国,A篇Need a Job This Summer?The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student? Go to the government website to

8、learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件)for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment

9、along with training.Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).Summer Company Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in th

10、e fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger Program You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Oppor

11、tunities(机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or

12、 up to 29 for persons with a disability.21.What is special about Summer Company? A.It requires no training before employment.B.It provides awards for running new businesses.C.It allows one to work in the natural environment.D.It offers more summer job opportunities.22.What is the age range required

13、by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program? A.15-18.B.15-24.C.15-29.D.16-17.23.Which program favors the disabled? A.Jobs for Youth.B.Summer Company.C.Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.D.Summer Employment Opportunities.语篇解读本文介绍了四份面向学生的暑期工作。答案与解析21.B细节题。根据Summer Company部分的内容可知,Summer Company提供奖金给学生创业。22.D细节题。

14、根据Stewardship Youth Ranger Program中的“Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知答案。23.D细节题。根据文章最后一句“Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.”可知,Summer Employment Opportunities给残疾人提供工作优待。

15、Passage 22019·全国,B篇“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers,then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids􀆳 lacrosse(长曲棍球) club.I guess that there􀆳s probably some demanding work schedul

16、e, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren􀆳t even on.At this

17、point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, I􀆳ll do it.” I􀆳m secretly relieved because I know there􀆳s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of

18、-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching

19、 your own kid score a goal.Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or service

20、s provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense, I􀆳m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I􀆳d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?24.What ca

21、n we infer about the parent from her reply in Paragraph 1?A.She knows little about the club.B.She isn􀆳t good at sports.C.She just doesn􀆳t want to volunteer.D.She􀆳s unable to meet her schedule.25.What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean?A

22、.Encourage teamwork.B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provide advice.26.What can we learn about the parent from Paragraph 3?A.She gets interested in lacrosse.B.She is proud of her kids.C.She􀆳ll work for another season.D.She becomes a good helper.27.Why does the author like doing v

23、olunteer work?A.It gives her a sense of duty.B.It makes her very happy.C.It enables her to work hard.D.It brings her material rewards.语篇解读本文讲述了作者成功说服一位本不愿意参与志愿者工作的家长参加长曲棍球社团的志愿者活动的故事。答案与解析24.C推断题。 根据第1段这位家长说的话以及第2段的陈述可知,这位家长的言外之意就是她不愿意做志愿者。25.B词义推断题。由上文可知,作者猜测这位家长对于参与一项不熟悉的运动可能有一些顾虑,作者需要说服她。由“I ment

24、ion the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren􀆳t even on.”可知,作者提到了一位有四个孩子的单亲家长负责该活动,以及一位父亲即便自己孩子没有加入球队,也给该球队执教。由此可推断出作者是想从感情上打动这位家长。26.D细节题。根据第3段第2、3句可知,这位家长后来成为社团里的一个好帮手。27.B细节题。根据第4段最后两句可知,做志愿者使作者很快乐。Passage 32019·全国,

25、C篇Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or

26、the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”a term referring to papers made widely av

27、ailable to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually

28、 meant the reader had to go down to the printer􀆳s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a pennyusually two or three cents was

29、 chargedand some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public􀆳s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the ea

30、rly ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.28.Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before

31、 the 1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.29.What did street sales mean to newspapers?A.They would be priced higher.B.They would disappear from cities.C.They could have more readers.D.They could regain public trust.30.Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?A.Loc

32、al politicians.B.Common people.C.Young publishers.D.Rich businessmen.31.What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A.It was a difficult process.B.It was a temporary success.C.It was a robbery of the poor.D.It was a disaster for printers.语篇解读本文主要讲述的是随着人类社会的发展,报纸从最初的小众消费品发展成为大众读物。答案与解析28.B细节题。

33、根据第1段第4、5句可知,当时的报纸并不吸引人。29.C推断题。根据第2、3段可知,“便士报”的出现,使得普通大众也可以买得起报纸,而街头销售的出现方便了广大读者,使得报纸有了更多的受众。30.B推断题。根据第3段尤其是最后一句可知,新趋势下,报纸的目标受众是普通大众。31.A推断题。通读全文,尤其第3、4段内容可知,“便士报”的诞生并不容易。考生需要不断加强对阅读理解各种文体的训练力度,特别是要注重对记叙文中相关题型的解题方法的归纳和总结,最大限度地提高阅读理解的得分率。1.细节理解题记叙文有自己鲜明的文体特点,这些特点构成了记叙文写作的基本要素,比如时间,地点,人物,事件的发生、发展、高潮

34、和结局。命题者通常会根据这些要素命题,考查考生对事件发生的时间、地点、原因、方式和结果等细节的认知和理解,所以考生要通过阅读记叙文的训练,弄懂问题、找准根据,从而正确解题。2.推理判断题推理判断题主要考查考生对文章的深层意义的理解和推断,考生需要根据语境推测出时空的变化趋势、事件发生的走向及结果、作者对事件的态度和观点等,所以考生需要通过训练掌握该题型的特点和规律,从而正确解题。3.主旨大意题在高考中,有关记叙文素材的选择通常会突出“励志性”和“教育性”原则,这样,文章中沿时间、空间线索所叙述的事件总是会在字里行间体现写作的主题思想。在试题的命制中,通常会考查考生对主旨大意的提炼和感悟,所以考

35、生一定要注重培养归纳主旨大意的能力。4.词义推断题记叙文中需要猜测的词义通常会和事件的变化和发展以及文章中主人公的心理变化有着密切的联系。为了正确猜测词义,考生需要准确理解上下文的语境,并联系文中的相关信息。01阅读理解四大题型高考英语阅读理解试题的题型大致可分为:(1)细节理解题;(2)词义推断题;(3)主旨大意题;(4)推理判断题。其中,细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节做出正确的理解。此类题型相对简单,考生只需根据题干中的关键词回到原文找到相应的语句即可找到答案。细节理解题在整份试卷中约占2/3。而其他三种题型相对较难,比如,词义推断题要求考生对文章中出现的生词或短语结合

36、上下文进行合理推测;主旨大意题要求考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨或段落大意;推理判断题则要求考生通过字面意义挖掘作者的写作思路和文章的深层含义。考查角度1细节理解题细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大,但这种题型相对来说比较简单,只要通过题干的关键词,在文中找到题目的信息区间,仔细比对,就能得出答案,因此对于这类题型考生要做到读得快、答得准,力争不丢分,保住基本分。1.细节理解题正确选项特征 (1)同义替换。有些选项对原文中的关键词进行同义替换,如把lose one􀆳s job换成了be out of work;有些选项把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,如把importan

37、t改成of importance;还有些选项改变原文中句子的语态,如主动语态与被动语态的转换。(2)语言简化。把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化,设置为答案。(3)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。2.细节理解题干扰选项特征 (1)张冠李戴。选项是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容。(2)无中生有。选项符合常识,但不是文章的内容。(3)曲解文意。选项与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动。(4)颠倒是非。选项在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。(5)正误参半。选项部分正确,部分错误。3.两步轻松搞定细节理解题考点1直接信息题在解答直接信息题时,考生可以采取“关键词定位法”,即“

38、带着问题找答案”的方法,通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键词(题眼),然后以此为线索,运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句,快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关,然后仔细推敲,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下确定答案。2018·全国,D篇节选I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georg

39、ia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becomin

40、g a doctor).33.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A.Saving up for her holiday.B.Raising money for a poor girl.C.Adding the money to her fund.D.Giving the money to a sick mother.【解题示范】(仅供教师参考)第一步:定位信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词:Georgia、sell、objects锁信息定位:带着Georgia、sell、objects去寻读,在文中找到信息源She chose t

41、o sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).第二步:逐一比对定答案选项选项意思选项特征A为她的假期存钱曲解文意B为一个贫困女孩募捐曲解文意C把钱投入她的基金同义替换D把钱送给一个生病的妈妈无中生有【答案与解析】C比对选项和信息句可知,女儿愿意卖几件玩具是因为我们承诺把所得的钱放入她的教育基

42、金;选项和原文中均出现fund一词,故本题为直接信息题。考点2间接信息题间接信息题相比直接信息题,命题的隐蔽性更强,正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改动。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。2018·全国,B篇节选Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (no

43、t that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich

44、 in vitamin C.24.What does the author seem to like about cherries?A.They contain protein.B.They are high in vitamin A.C.They have a pleasant taste.D.They are rich in antioxidants.【解题示范】(仅供教师参考)第一步:定位信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词:cherries锁信息定位:带着cherries去寻读,在文中找到信息源As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who ca

45、res?第二步:逐一比对定答案选项选项意思选项特征A它们含有蛋白质张冠李戴B它们富含维生素A张冠李戴C它们口感好同义替换D它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质张冠李戴【答案与解析】C根据该段的“As for cherries, they are so delicious who cares?”可知,原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste,故本题为间接信息题。考点3概括信息题概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精练的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息,这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向,找到文

46、中相应的信息区间,然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实,然后再看选项,选择与自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项。2018·全国,C篇节选At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones hav

47、e lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world􀆳s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A.About 6,800.B.About 3,400.C.About 2,400. D.About 1,200.【