专练16 阅读理解之词义猜测题(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc

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1、备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）16阅读理解之词义猜测题【考试方向】词义猜测是英语应用能力使用的重要体现，也是高考必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。【命题趋势】1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词 在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词 义的具体内容。3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常

2、考类型。用逻辑关系梳理法、递向寻踪法理清人物及事物 之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式】1. The underlined word “” in the second(third) paragraph refers to(means) _.2. By saying that “” in the first(second) paragraph, the author means that _.3. In paragraph , “” can be replaced by “_”.4. The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.5. Which

3、 of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?6. The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _. 【答题技巧】对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。1.相似法利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词

4、语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。【真题再现】（2020·全国卷III）When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they werent there to throw red paint on fur-coat-w

5、earing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollar

6、s on technology that records an actors performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization,

7、which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them havent

8、been treated properly.In some cases, its not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; its the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monito

9、red as closely as productions filmed in the States.5.Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?A.To see famous film stars.B.To oppose wearing fur coats.C.To raise money for animal protection.D.To express thanks to some filmmakers.6.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A.The cost

10、of making “Apes.”B.The creation of digitalized apes.C.The publicity about “Apes.”D.The performance of real apes.7.What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Listing completely.B.Directing professionally.C.Promoting successfully.D.Watching carefully.8.What can we

11、 infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?A.They may be badly treated.B.They should take further training.C.They could be traded illegallyD.They would lose popularity.【答案】5.D 6.B 7.D 8.A【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄

12、却存在着虐地动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。5.细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead, one activist ,dressed in a full -body monkey suit ,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanks for not using real apes”可知，相反，一名身穿全套猴服的活动人士来到现场，手里拿着一块牌子，称赞电影制作人:“感谢你们不用真正的猿猴。所以动物保护者聚集在好莱坞大道是为了向电影制作者表示感谢。故选D项。6.主旨大意题。根据第二段

13、“The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actors performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). ”可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创

14、造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。7.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment”（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangov

15、er Part " and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them havent been treated properly.（许多电影,包括“大象的眼泪”,“宿醉”和“管理员”,引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。8.推理判断题。根据最后一段In some cases, its n

16、ot so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; its the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in th

17、e Sates.”（在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇;让人担忧的是训练和生活条件。还有一些关于在美国以外拍摄的电影的问题，这些电影有时不像在美国拍摄的电影那样受到严密的监控。）可知，在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是工作室里动物的待遇;令人担忧的是训练和生活条件。由此判断出动物演员可能受到虐待。故选A项。2.对比法利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfe

18、ct，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。表示对比的信号词有yet, but, while, though, however, otherwise, on the one hand.on the other hand, for one thing.for another thing, instead of等。【真题再现】（2020·全国卷I）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumpt

19、ion habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating

20、habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grab

21、bed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than

22、 they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit bu

23、t took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “Ill have what she's having” effect. However, we'll

24、adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?13.What is the recent study mainly about?A.Food s

25、afety.B.Movie viewership.C.Consumer demand.D.Eating behavior.14.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Big eaters.B.Overweight persons.C.Picky eaters.D.Tall thin persons.15.Why did the researchers hire the actor?A.To see how she would affect the participants.B.To test if

26、 the participants could recognize her.C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.D.To study why she could keep her weight down.16.On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?A.How hungry we are.B.How slim we want to be.C.How we perceive others.D.How we feel about

27、 the food.【答案】13.D 14.D 15.A 16.C【分析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。13.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费

28、习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。14.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（

29、瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。15.推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。16.推理判断题。根据

30、最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why cant I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？

31、因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。3.释义法有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。常见的词有：mean, that is, in other words, for example, for instance, such as.【真题再现】（2020·全国卷II） I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for

32、 as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.My first job was working at

33、the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source

34、(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special

35、time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.As a novelist, Ive found a new relationship with libraries. I encou

36、rage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support li

37、braries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.9.Which word best describes the authors relationship with books as a child?A.Cooperative.B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable.D.Casual.

38、10.What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Pleasure from working in the library.B.Joy of reading passed on in the family.C.Wonderment from acting out the stories.D.A closer bond developed with the readers.11.What does the author call on other writers to do?A.Spon

39、sor book fairs.B.Write for social media.C.Support libraries.D.Purchase her novels.12.Which can be a suitable title for the text?A.Reading: A Source of KnowledgeB.My Idea about writingC.Library: A Haven for the YoungD.My Love of the Library【答案】9.C 10.B 11.C 12.D【分析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一

40、份工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。9.推理判断题。根据第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic reader，sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures through the books I checked

41、out from the library.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。故选C。10.词句猜测题。根据上文As I grew older and became a mother可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go

42、 to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them(我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。11.细节理解题。根据最后一段的I think all writers shou

43、ld support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.( 我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。12.主旨大意题。纵

44、观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。4.语境推断法任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。1. 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词

45、义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requ

46、iring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。2. 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loq

47、uacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。3. 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例如：I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is c

48、losest in meaning to _ .A. full of respectB. too confident and rudeC. lacking in experienceD. too shy and quiet根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。4. 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如：William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.The underlined w