专练13 议论文体类阅读理解(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc

《专练13 议论文体类阅读理解(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专练13 议论文体类阅读理解(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc（21页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）13专练13 议论文体类阅读理解【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和

2、教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。注意事项：1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：(1)标志类、指示类的信息。表

3、示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；表示递进关系：in addition to, even, whats more, furthermore等；表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。4.

4、 常见问题：(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由

5、自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【得分要点】解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接

6、从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。解题方法： 1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。 2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有

7、这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。【真题再现1】【2020·天津卷，D】After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity a

8、nd discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights fr

9、om the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”Fortunately, curiosity and discontent dont have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.“The great man,” said

10、Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his childs heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be sa

11、tisfied.Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.How should you start? Modestl

12、y, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldnt arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You havent any special ability? M

13、ost people dont; there are only a few geniuses. You havent any time? Thats good, because its always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Toms Cabin while cooking. Youre too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first

14、 novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for youll never be more alive than you are at this moment.51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to _.A. propose a definitionB. make a comparison

15、C. reach a conclusionD. present an argument52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.C. Creativity results from challenging authority.D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.53. What can yo

16、u do to recapture curiosity and discontent?A. Observe the unknown around you.B. Develop a questioning mind.C. Lead a life of adventure.D. Follow the fashion.54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.C

17、. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.55. What could be the best tile or the passage?A. Curious Minds Never Feel ContentedB. Reflections on Human NatureC. The Keys to AchievementD. Never Too Late to Learn【答案】51. D 52. D 53

18、. B 54. C 55. C【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素好奇心和不满足。51.推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked

19、either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。52.推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好

20、奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。53.细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his childs heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking qu

21、estions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。54.推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You havent

22、any special ability? Most people dont; there are only a few geniuses. You havent any time? Thats good, because its always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。55.主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of ob

23、serving human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及

24、下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。【真题再现2】 【2020·江苏卷，D】I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know t

25、he customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the

26、day feeling a little misunderstood.Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one anot

27、her perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised.After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a

28、sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juans world, each village could have its own moon. In Juans world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from ev

29、ery angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juans village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.Yet, as I thought about Juans question, I was not

30、sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bot

31、hered me.I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in t

32、he human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but al

33、l the same, it fills.In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more a

34、ttention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found

35、most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.65. How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?A. Out

36、 of place.B. Full of joy.C. Sleepy.D. Regretful.66. What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?A. He learned more about the local language.B. They had a nice conversation with each other.C. They understood each other while playing.D. He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.67. Why was the author

37、 surprised at Juans question about the moon?A. The question was too straightforward.B. Juan knew so little about the world.C. The author didnt know how to answer.D. The author didnt think Juan was sincere.68. What was the authors initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?A. To sort out what w

38、e have known.B. To deepen his research into Amazonians.C. To improve his reputation as a biologist.D. To learn more about local cultures.69. How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?A. They shifted their viewpoints frequently.B. They followed other scientists closely.C. They often c

39、riticized their fellow scientists.D. They conducted in-depth and close studies.70. What could be the most suitable title for the passage?A. The Possible and the Impossible .B. The Known and the Unknown .C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .D. The Ignorant and the Intelligent.【答案】65. A 66. C 67. B 6

40、8. A 69. D 70. B【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。65.推理判断题。根据第一段“We didnt speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often than not, didnt entirely recognize the food. We couldnt have felt more f

41、oreign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。66.细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。67.推理判断题。根据第四段“In

42、 Juans world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。68.推理判断题。根据第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider.,and on and on they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general d

43、iscoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species .I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。69.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay more atten

44、tion to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。70.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认

45、识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。【题型演练】1Its summertime. That means long hot days, no school- and summer camps. Lots of kids spend at least some of the summer at camps. Some kids spend the whole year playing one sport. And what do they do during the summer? They go to a camp and k

46、eep playing that sport. So whats wrong with that?A study published in the journal Sports Health found that “for most sports, there is no evidence that intense (集中的) training and playing one sport before 13 or 14 are necessary to achieve elite (精英的)status.” How big is the risk of injury if you specia

47、lize in one sport? A Loyola University Chicago study of 1, 200 youth athletes found that kids who specialized in one sport were 70 percent to 93 percent more likely to be injured than multi-sport athletes. Thats a lot. Kids who specialize in one sport also get burned out. An Ohio State University st

48、udy found that kids who played a single sport were more likely to quit their sport and be physically inactive as adults.But dont you have to specialize in one sport when youre a kid to have a chance to play in college or be a professional? No! Sorry, but I have to talk about another study. This one was a survey of college athletes by the American Society of Sports Medicine. The study found that 88 percent of college athletes played more than one sport when they were kids.Look at this year