专题05 介词与介词短语（讲学案）-2018年高考英语二轮复习精品资料 Word版含解析.doc

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1、 介词和介词短语也是高考的一个必考点，每年都保持在一至两个题目，命题形式除了单项填空外还在完形填空、语法填空、短文改错中进行考查，其考点主要涉及常用介词的用法区别，介词与动词、名词、形容词等的常见搭配，介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。掌握介词必须要立足基本用法，广泛记忆，细心体会比较。其考点主要包括：1考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出，介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词，如at，in，for，from，to，of，on，with，until，about，by，since，as，around等。2考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语

2、言环境中，辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。3考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词，不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。一、表示时间的介词1in，on，at，over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如：in the 1950s，in 1989，in summer，in January，in one's thirties，in the morning等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如：on May 1st，on Monday，on a

3、cold night in January, on a fine morning等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间，也泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如：at 3：20，at this time of year，at Christmas，at night，at this moment等。(4)over后面接一段时间，表示“超过”或“在期间”。如：David Crum, the CEO of Geldart Software, announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the n

4、ext several months.(5)在last，next，this，that，some，every等词之前一律不用介词。如：He went to Japan last year.We meet every day.2in，after(1)“in一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如：My mother will come back in three or four days.(2)“after一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如：He arrived after five months.(3)“after具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如：She will appear afte

5、r five o'clock this afternoon.The rain began to fall after seven.3from，since，for(1)from后接具体时间，说明从什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since后接具体过去时间，表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。如：We have not seen each other since 2010.(3)for后接一段时间，通常与完成时连用。如：I have been in the army for

6、 5 years.二、表示地点方位的介词1at，in，on，to(1)at表示在小地方或“在附近；在旁边”。如：He arrived at the station at ten.He is sitting at the desk.(2)in表示在大地方或“在范围之内”。如：He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Shandong lies in the east of China.(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如：Russia lies on the north of China.(4)to表示“在范围外”，不强调是否接壤。如：Japan is to the east o

7、f China.2above，over，on(1)above意为“在上方”，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与below相对。如：The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为“在之上”，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为“在之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：He put his watch on the desk.2above，over，on(1)above意为“在上方”，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与below

8、相对。如：The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为“在之上”，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为“在之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：He put his watch on the desk.三、表示运动方向的介词1across，over，through(1)across表示从物体表面穿过，与on有关。如：across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over表示动作是在空中进行

9、的。如：He jumped over the wall.(3)through表示从物体里面穿过，与in有关。也可表示时间，指“(从开始到结束)经历了”。如：through the pipe/forest/doorWe work hard all through the year.2in，into(1)in通常表示静态，意为“在里面”。如：We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。(2)into通常表示动态，意为“进入到里面”。如：We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。四、表示原因的介词1for表示原因时，常与sorry，famous，punish，

10、praise，thank，blame等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to you.2at表示引起某种情感变化的原因，常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用，意为“因听到或看到而”。如：He was surprised at the news.3from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the wound.4of多用于表示自身或内在的原因，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger.5with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如：Hearing the news, he jumped

11、 with joy.He was shaking with anger.6by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如：She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。7over一般用于cry，weep，laugh等带有感情色彩的动词后，表示所发生的事情的原因。如：She wept over the death of her daughter.We laughed over the victory.8because of表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired last month because of his illness.9th

12、anks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常意为“幸亏，多亏”。如：Thanks to John, we won the game.五、表示计量的介词1at表示“以速度；以价格”。如：It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.I sold my car at a high price.2for表示“用交换；以为代价”。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars.注意：at表示单价，for表示总钱数。3by表示“以计”，后跟度量单位。如：They paid him by the month.注意：by后接具体度量单位要加the。六、

13、表示工具或手段的介词1by意为“用某种方式”，后面的名词不带冠词。如：I went there by bus.2with表示“用某种工具”，后面的名词需带冠词。如：He broke the window with a stone.3in表示“用”时，后面的宾语不带冠词，且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如：I hate letters written in pencil.We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.4on表示“以方式”，多用于固定词组。如：They talked on the telephone.She

14、 learns English on the radio/on TV.七、表示“在之间”的介词1between表示在两者之间。如：You are to sit between your father and me.2among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如：He is always happy among his classmates.3有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如：Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.Pay attention to the relationsh

15、ip between the sentences in your composition.八、表示“除了”的介词1besides表示“除之外，还有”。如：We all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我们也都去看电影了。2except表示“除外，把除去”。如：We all went to see the film except you.除你之外我们都去看电影了。3but与except同义，但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如：I neve

16、r saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4except for表示“如无就，只是”，多表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5except that表示“除外，把除去”，后面接句子。如：I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.6apart from在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含义，又有except和except for的含义，要根据上下文来判别。如：Apart from/Besi

17、des English，he has a good command of Russian and French.He has no interests，apart from/except his work.It's a good paper，apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.九、介词与某些词类的习惯搭配高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。1名词词组：如on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one's opinion根据某人的看法；on time准时

18、；out of reach够不着2动词词组：如remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事；rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的；result from由引起；call at访问(某地)3形容词词组：如be curious about对好奇；be proud of因而自豪；be popular with受到的欢迎4介词短语：如apart from除之外；in addition to除之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of防备，万一；thanks to由于；in the middle

19、 of在中间according to根据；in front of在前面；in return for作为对的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为的结果；in exchange for与交换等。考点一、考查介词辨析例1（2017·北京）Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.A. at B. in C. on D. by【答案】B【解析】许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不用by,因为by后面通常接做什么事情来谋生，此处是指在捕鱼这个行业

20、里，在这个行业里谋生，用in，故选B。 【变式探究】(2016·天津，14)I hate it when she calls me at workI'm always too busy to carry _ a conversation with her.【答案】on【解析】句意：我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话我总是太忙，不能和她进行会话。carry on“继续进行，从事”，符合句意。【变式探究】【2015·重庆】10. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 _

21、the average.A. below B. on C. at D. above【答案】D 【解析】句意：去年是有纪录以来最热的一年，全球平均气温上升0.68度。With 的宾语global temperature ，宾语补足above the average。 考点二、考查介词短语辨析例2. 【2016·天津】2. The dictionary is _: many words have been added to the language since it was published. A. out of control B. out of date C. out of sig

22、ht D. out of reach【答案】B【考点】考查介词短语。 【2015·浙江】17. These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of【答案】B【解析】句意：这些评论是对某些经常被当地新闻人问到的问题的回应。A. in memory of 意为纪念， B. in response to意为回应，C. in touch with意为联系，D. in p

23、ossession of意为拥有。分析句子成分知道空格处充当介词短语作状语的作用，根据常识和句意，评论应该是对问题的回应。所以答案应该是B. in response to回应。考点三、考查介词或介词短语的用法例3、（2017·江苏）Determining where we are _ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.A. in contrast to B. in defense ofC. in face of D. in relation to【答案】D 【解析】考查介词短语。句意：根据周围的环

24、境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。A. in contrast to对比，截然不同；B. in defense of为辩护；C. in face of面对；D. in relation to与有关。故选D。【变式探究】【2016·浙江】6.That young man is honest , cooperative , always there when you need his help ._, he's reliable.A. Or else B. In short C. By the way D. For one thing【答案】B【考点】考查介词短语。【

25、变式探究】【2015·福建】22._A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.A. ofB. onC. toD. with【答案】A【解析】考察介词辨析。A.of表示关于，表示从属关系；B.on表示在之上；C.to表示对于；D.with表示和在一起。该句意思为：他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服。故选A1（2017·江苏）Determining where we are _ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our

26、survival.A. in contrast to B. in defense ofC. in face of D. in relation to【答案】D 【解析】考查介词短语。句意：根据周围的环境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。A. in contrast to对比，截然不同；B. in defense of为辩护；C. in face of面对；D. in relation to与有关。故选D。2（2017·北京）Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.A. at

27、B. in C. on D. by【答案】B3（2017天津）When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be _ trees that are over 1,000 years old.A. among B. against C. behind D. below【答案】A【解析】 句意：当你开车穿过加州的红木森林时，你将会位于超过百年历史的树木之间。 be among 位于之间； be against 反对； be behind 在后面； be below在之下。根据句意，故选A。考点：考查介词辨析。1

28、(2016·新课标，64)But my connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，when I was the first.【答案】to【解析】句意：但是我与熊猫之间的联系要追溯到20世纪80年代中期我在一档电视节目的时候，那是我第一次。go back to“追溯到”，是固定短语。2(2016·新课标，44)Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in th

29、e day.【答案】on【解析】句意：我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于”。3(2016·新课标，70)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat _ their hands.【答案】with【解析】句意：筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度，大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with“用”，符合句意。4(2016·四川，67)The mother continu

30、ed to care for the young panda _ more than two years.【答案】for【解析】句意：这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。“for一段时间”作时间状语，表示“持续了一段时间”。5(2016·浙江，16)In this article，you need to back up general statements _ specific examples.【答案】with【解析】句意：在这篇文章中，你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。根据句意及结构可知，这里用介词with表示“用”。6(2016·天津，8)Mary was silent

31、during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice _ her opinion on the subject.【答案】to1.(2015·江苏，27)The university started some new language programs to cater the country's Silk Road Economic Belt.【解析】句意：大学开始开设一些新的语言项目，以迎合中国的丝绸之路经济带。固定表达cater for 迎合，满足所需。【答案】for2.(2015·

32、江苏，29)The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.【解析】句意：整个团队依靠Cristians Ronaldo，他很少让他们失望。固定表达count on依靠，指望。【答案】on3.(2015·江苏，34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but Thomas Edison.【解析】句意：如果没有托马斯·爱迪生的话，我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but for如果没有的话。【答案】fo

33、r4.(2015·浙江，3)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?【解析】句意：你听说过既可生长在陆地上又可生长在海里的可作为动物家园的树吗？固定表达home to.是的家园或故乡。【答案】to5.(2015·浙江，10)Most people work because it's unavoidable. contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work.【解析】句意：大多数人工作是因为无法

34、避免，相比之下，也有一些人真的喜欢工作。固定表达by contrast相比之下。【答案】By6.(2015·浙江，11)We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal our emotions than for straight facts.【解析】句意：我们倾向于对令感官兴奋的或吸引我们情感的东西记忆深刻。固定表达appeal to对有吸引力。【答案】to7.(2015·浙江，17)These comments came in response specific que

35、stions often asked by local newsmen.【答案】to8.(2015·湖北，30)This meeting room is a nonsmoking area.I would like to warn you advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.【解析】句意：这个会议室是禁烟区。我想提前警告你，如果你吸烟，你会被罚款的。固定表达in advance预先，提前。【答案】in9.(2015·重庆，10)Last year was the warmest year on record,

36、 with global temperature 0.68 the average.【解析】句意：去年是有记录以来最热的一年，比全球平均气温高0.68度。above 高于，在之上，符合句意。【答案】above10.(2015·陕西，12)The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.【解析】句意：这个小学生挎着奶奶的胳膊，扶着她穿过了马路。考查介词。动词sb介词the人体部位，是惯用法，根据身体的不同的部位变化介词，如：pat sb on the head，hit sb in th

37、e face等。【答案】by11.(2015·安徽，33)They believe that there are transport developments the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.【解析】句意：他们认为即将到来的交通发展将会带来很多好的方面的变化。 考查介词短语搭配，around the corner即将来临。【答案】around12.(2015·福建，22)A common memory they all have their school days is the schoo

38、l uniform.【解析】句意：在他们上学的日子中，一个共同的记忆就是校服。考查介词。of表示“在其中的。”【答案】of13.(2015·福建，32)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live harmony with nature.【解析】句意：人类被认为是自然的一部分，同样，我们要生存下去的唯一方式，就是要与大自然和谐相处。考查介词短语。in harmonious with与和谐。答案in1.（2014福建卷）22. Our cl

39、ub is open to everyone _ age, sex or educational background.A. due to B. except for C. along with D. regardless of【考点】考察介词短语意义辨析【答案】D2.（2014江苏卷）24. Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay_.A. in placeB. in orderC. in shapeD. in fashion【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】C【解析】本题考察

40、的是与介词in有关的短语辨析。in place有序，在适当的位置；in order井井有条；in shape健康的，状态良好的；in fashion流行的，时尚的；句意：为了保持健康，每天早晨Tom总去慢跑，也经常做引体向上。根据句意可知Tom锻炼的目的是为了保持健康。故C正确。3.（2014江西卷）25. Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence ._, it could just put you in debt.A. In other words B. All in all C

41、. As a result D. On the other hand【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是介词短语辨析。A换句话说；B总得说来；C结果是；D另一方面；句义：自己做生意也许是获得经济独立的一个很好的方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。根据句义说明这是一件事情的两个方面，所以D项符合上下文串联。4.（2014江西卷）33. It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life _his great wealth .A. without B. despite C. in D. to 【考点】考察介词词义辨析【答案】B

42、5.（2014陕西卷）14. The Scottish girl _ blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.A. by B. of C. in D. with【考点】考察介词短语【答案】D【解析】本题中的with表示有，佩戴；其余三个介词都没有这个用法。句义：能够长着蓝眼睛的苏格拉女孩在第五届汉语演讲比赛里得到了第一名。故D正确。6.（2014天津卷）6. _ the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with governm

43、ent support.A. In reply to B. In addition to C. In charge of D. In place of【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】B【解析】本题的四个介词短语都很重要。In reply to作为的回复；in addition to除之外（包括在内）；in charge of负责；in place of代替；句义：除了学校，村子里还有诊所，诊所也是在政府的支持下建成的。也就是说学校和诊所都是政府支持建设成功的。故B正确。7.（2014浙江卷 ）10. While staying in the village, James unselfishly

44、 shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything _ .A. in return B. in common C. in turn D. in place【考点】考察介词短语保持【答案】A【解析】介词短语in return作为回报，后面常常接介词for；in common与相似；in turn依次，轮流；反过来；in place恰当，在合适的地方。句意：当他住在那个村子里的时候，James无私地和村民们分享他拥有的一切，不要去得到任何回报。根据句意说明A正确。8.（2014浙江卷 ）12. Facing

45、up to your problem _ running away from them is the best approach to working things out.A. more than B. rather than C. along with D. or rather【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】B9.（2014浙江卷 ）18. Theres no reason to be disappointed. _, this could be rather amusing. A. Above all B. As a result C. In addition D. As a matter of fact【考点】考察介词短语词义辨析【答案】D【解析】介词短语above all首先，最重要的是；as a result结果；in addition另外，而且；as a matter of fact实际上；句意：没有让人失望的理由，实际上这件事情很让人高兴。根据句意可知上下文之间暗含的转折关系，而D项as a matter of fact“实际上”暗含的就是转折关系。故D项正确。（2013·新课标I卷）34. It was a real race _ time to get the project