专题19-阅读之议论文(解析版）-备战2022年新高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

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1、考点19 阅读之议论文（解析版）【命题趋势】议论文在近几年考试中出现的不多， 但是也有。所以考生在平时的训练中也需复习。以下是近年真题和模拟试题训练，考生可以集中复习。1.【2021年全国甲卷】Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go bey

2、ond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's

3、said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the clubwomen, or people of a different color or beliefthey were unacknowledged and rejected by others.A study recently published by Sci

4、ence found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can

5、 our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the

6、 more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”12. What d

7、oes the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?A. They're unfair.B. They're conservative.C. They're objective.D. They're strict.13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?A. They think themselves smart.B. They look up to great thinkers.C.

8、They see gender differences earlier than boys.D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?A. Improved global communication.B. Less discrimination against women.C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.D. Changes in people's social positions.15

9、. What is the best title for the text?A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many FormsC. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victo

10、rs, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才女性或不同肤色或信仰的人做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被

11、其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非

12、常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, were all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Wh

13、o is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。2.【2

14、020年1月浙江卷】Todays world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. A key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolesc

15、ent children learn persistence.BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time, the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.“There are relatively few studies that stres

16、s the unique role of fathers,” Padilla-Walker said. “This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence which can be taught are key to a childs life success.”Researchers determined that dads need to practice an “authoritative” parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not a

17、uthoritarian: rigid, demanding or controlling. Rather, an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father; responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed; children are given an appropriate level of autonomy (自主权)

18、.In the study, about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time, children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence, which leads to better outcomes in school.This particular study exa

19、mined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence, which is an avenue of future research.27. What is special about the BYU professors study?A. It centered on fathers role in parenting.B.

20、It was based on a number of large families.C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles.D. It aimed to improve kids achievement in school.28. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children?A. Ignore their demands.B. Make decisions for them.C. Control their behaviors.D. Explain

21、 the rules to them.29. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers?A. Single parents.B. Children aged from 11 to 14.C. Authoritarian fathers.D. Mothers in two-parent homes.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Three Characteristics of Authoritativ

22、e FathersB. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in FutureC. Children Tend to Learn Determination from FatherD. Family Relationship Influences School Performance答案与解析27. A 推理判断题 根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adoles

23、cent children learn persistence.可知，该大学研究的是父亲在家庭中对孩子毅力品格的养成起着重要作用。故选A项。28. D 推理判断题 根据第四段可知，“权威式的”父亲并不专断，而是要让孩子感受到温暖和责任，要强调规则背后的缘由，要给予孩子适当的自主权。故推断出，一个“权威式的”父亲会做的事情是给孩子解释规则。29. A 事实细节题 根据最后一段最后一句 the researchers suggest that single parents , which is an avenue of future research. 可知，未来研究的方向是单亲父母。30. C

24、主旨大意题 文章主要论述了父亲的行为会影响孩子毅力的养成。故C项Children Tend to learn Determination from Father是文章的最佳标题。1. 【辽宁省鞍山市第一中学2021届高三一模】The article What China Gets Right about Relationships by Sam Massie reminds me of the Quora question about the opinion on Chinese people. Obviously, answers from different people wont be

25、the same. To me, those different people fall into two groups: those with a vague picture of China, and those understanding Chinese culture very well.Its quite easy for the first category to reach some conclusions with prejudice:“When was child, was taught to be watchful around Chinese people-they we

26、re the type that smiled when offended because theyll stab you in the back in revenge (报复). They valued money over human life, and that was motive (动机) for all their activities.” -Quora User.That provides us, if I can say so, a racists stereotype of Chinese people. It is sad to know many people do ha

27、ve an unclear idea about China-a long history, a large population, the Great Wall, Panda Express, festivals, tea, kongfu movies, cheap and bad clothes, the manufacturing power, a very large internal market, and hardworking (yes, especially high school students). All these are rather too simple and g

28、eneral.By contrast, to those we call a China-hand, it is quite obvious that the word “Chinese” bears much more. In todays ever globalized world, more and more foreign friends are increasingly attracted to Chinese culture. They learn Chinese, make Chinese friends, watch Chinese movies, and pay visits

29、 or even move to China. Understanding the differences between the east and the west, they could see through the appearance.In many cases, the first impression of some Westerners about China is no more than rudeness but it is actually not that simple. What should be paid attention to are the in-group

30、/out-group effects. Sam Massie is wise in saying that “rudeness to strangers is the flip side (相反面) of deep bonds with loved ones. I am overjoyed that he understands the generosity, sincerity and other good qualities of Chinese people. To me, no matter what the Westerners opinions are, what really m

31、atters is how we behave and the way we treat others. Whats your opinion?12According to the writer, the first group _.Ajudge Chinese people one-sidedlyBsee well into Chinese cultureCturn out to be ill-educated at schoolDdraw reasonable conclusions about China13A China-hand will most probably agree th

32、at _.AChinese people can do anything to fight back against those who offend themBChina is very attractive in culture with its generous and sincere peopleCChina has a long history and the most hardworking students in the worldDChina is profit-driven and as a result, people are cold to strangers14The

33、underlined word stereotype in the fourth paragraph probably means _.Achanging and reasonable ideaBa fixed and often right ideaCa fixed and often false ideaDa changing and unfair idea15The writers attitude to Sam Massies book is _.AapprovingBobjectiveCcriticalDindifferent【答案】12A13B14C15A【解析】这是一篇议论文。文

34、章论述了萨姆·马西书中关于一些西方人对中国人存在刻板印象，作者赞成萨姆·马西的观点，认为中国人是慷慨的、真诚的。12细节理解题。根据第二段“Its quite easy for the first category to reach some conclusions with prejudice (第一类人很容易得出带有偏见的结论)”可知，第一类人看待中国人有偏见，因此，根据本文，第一类人是A项“judge Chinese people one-sidedly(片面地评价中国人)”符合题意。故选A项。13推理判断题。根据第一中的“and those understandin

35、g Chinese culture very well(另一类是非常了解中国文化的人)”以及最后一段“I am overjoyed that he understands the generosity, sincerity and other good qualities of Chinese people (我很高兴他了解中国人的慷慨、真诚和其他优良品质)”可知，萨姆·马西非常了解中古文化，并且喜欢中国人的慷慨和真诚。因此，一个“中国通”最可能赞成的是B.项“China is very attractive in culture with its generous and sinc

36、ere people(中国文化很有吸引力，中国人也很慷慨和真诚)”符合题意。故选B项。14词义猜测题。根据第四段“It is sad to know many people do have an unclear idea about China-a long history, a large population, the Great Wall, Panda Express, festivals, tea, kongfu movies, cheap and bad clothes, the manufacturing power, a very large internal market, a

37、nd hardworking(遗憾的是，许多人对中国有着不清楚的认识历史悠久，人口众多，长城，熊猫快餐，节日，茶，功夫片，廉价和劣质的衣服，制造业的力量，非常大的内部市场，以及勤奋)”可知，很多人对中国的认识是不清楚的，凭想当然的一种刻板印象。因此，划线词所在句子的意思为“如果我可以这么说的话，这给我们提供了一个种族主义者对中国人的刻板印象”，划线词stereotype的意思为C项“a fixed and often false idea(一种固定的、通常是错误的看法)”符合题意。故选C项。15推理判断题。根据第三段“That provides us, if I can say so, a r

38、acists stereotype of Chinese people(如果我可以这么说的话，这给我们提供了一个种族主义者对中国人的刻板印象)”以及最后一段“In many cases, the first impression of some Westerners about China is no more than rudeness but it is actually not that simpleI am overjoyed that he understands the generosity, sincerity and other good qualities of Chines

39、e people. To me, no matter what the Westerners opinions are, what really matters is how we behave and the way we treat others. (在许多情况下，一些西方人对中国的第一印象不过是粗鲁无礼，但实际上并不是那么简单我很高兴他了解中国人的慷慨、真诚和其他优良品质。对我来说，不管西方人的意见是什么，真正重要的是我们的行为举止和对待他人的方式。)”可知，作者认为，很多人对中国人的了解是片面的，他们对中国人存在刻板印象，是实际上并不能这么简单的看，作者和萨姆·马西的都认为中

40、国人是慷慨、真诚的。因此，作者对萨姆·马西的书的态度是A项“approving(赞成)”符合题意。故选A项。2.【2020届辽宁省沈阳市东北育才学校高中部高三第八次模拟】 The chief problem in dealing with foreign motorists is not so much remembering that they are different from you, but that they are largely variable. Cross a frontier(边境) without adjusting and you can be in dee

41、p trouble.One of the greatest gulfs separating the driving nations is the Atlantic Ocean. Or rather, it is the mental distance between the European and the American motorist, particularly the South American motorist. Compare, for example, an English driver at a set of traffic lights with a Brazilian

42、.Very rarely will an Englishman try to anticipate(预先准备) the green light by moving off. You will find the occasional someone who watches for the yellow light to come up on the set of lights. However, he will not go until he receives the lawful signal. Brazilians view the thing quite differently. If,

43、in fact, they see traffic lights, they regard them as a kind of roadside decoration.The natives of North America are much more disciplined. They show this in their addiction to driving in one lane(车道) and sticking to iteven if it means settling behind some great truck for many miles.To prevent other

44、 drivers from falling into wrong ways, American motorists try always to stay close behind the vehicle in front which can make it impossible to make a real lane change. European visitors are always falling into this trap. They return to the Old World still waving their arms in disappointment because

45、while driving in the State in their cars they kept failing to get off the highway when they wanted to and were swept along to the next city.However, one nation above all others lives cautiously by its traffic regulations the Swiss. In Switzerland, if you were simply to anticipate a traffic light, th

46、e chances are that the motorist behind you would take your number and report you to the police. There are slight regional variations among the French, German and Italian speaking areas, but it is generally safe to assume that any car bearing a CH sticker will be driven with a high degree of discipli

47、ne.12How do American drivers behave on the road according to the passage?AThey run the red light sometimes.BThey drive close behind other drivers.CThey care little about the traffic light.DThey start their car at the yellow light.13Which people take the traffic light most seriously?AThe Swiss.BThe B

48、razilians.CThe English.DThe French.14The passage is mainly developed by _.Aanalyzing causesBdescribing changesCmaking comparisonsDpointing out similarities15Which part of a newspaper is the passage probably taken from?ACulture.BBusiness.CEntertainment.DGeography.【答案】12B13A14C15A【解析】这是一篇议论文，本文论述了各个国家的司机对交通规则的重视程度。12细节理解题。根据第五段“American motorists try always to stay close behind the vehicle in front which can make it impossible to make a real lane change.” 美国的驾车者总是尽量跟在前面的车后面，这样就不可能进行真正的变道。可知，美国的司机开车总是紧随着前一辆车的后面。故选B项。13细节理解题。根据最后一段“one nation above all oth