专题18 阅读理解之说明文体类-十年（2011~2020）高考英语真题分项详解.docx

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1、十年（20102020）高考英语真题分项详解18阅读理解·说明文体类1.（2020年，江苏卷）For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance.

2、However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most

3、of us. They tested the mens fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fue

4、l. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.Just before and an hour after each workout, the scie

5、ntists took additional samples of the mens blood and fat tissue.Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they b

6、urned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the

7、 researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health.

8、These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.1.The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most proba

9、bly means “_”.A.digest the meal easilyB.manage without breakfastC.decide wisely what to eatD.eat whatever is offered2.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.C.They could walk at an average speed.D

10、.They had slow metabolic rates.3.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?A.They successfully lost weight.B.They consumed a bit more calories.C.They burned more fat on average.D.They displayed higher insulin levels.4.What could be learned from the research?A.A workout after breakfast

11、 improves gene performances.B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.【答案】1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。1.词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may

12、 be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先

13、找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。3.细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfas

14、t than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断

15、早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。2.（2020年，江苏卷）Sometimes its hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their countrys past-age-old castles, splendid homes and red phone boxes.Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junky

16、ards (废品场), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).The original iron boxes with the round roo

17、fs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the

18、junkyards.About that time, Tony Inglis engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the boxes a

19、nd had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as imp

20、ortant for the community as their original purpose.In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install defibrillators to help in emergencies.Others also looked at the

21、phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellphones rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in 2016.The tiny shops made economic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes gen

22、erated around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last. “I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back,” he said.5.The phone boxes are making a comeback _.A.to form a beautiful sight of

23、 the cityB.to improve telecommunications servicesC.to remind people of a historical periodD.to meet the requirement of green economy6.Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s?A.They were not well-designed.B.They provided bad services.C.They had too short a history.D.They lost

24、to new technologies.7.The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of _.A.their new appearance and lower pricesB.the push of the local organizationsC.their changed roles and functionsD.the big funding of the businessmen【答案】5.C 6.D 7.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生

25、了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。5.细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimes its hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their countrys past-age-old castles, splendid homes. and red phone boxes.(有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品-古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglis said phone

26、boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.(英格利斯说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。6.细节理解题。根据第三段After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to th

27、e junkyards.(在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。7.推理判断题。根据第五段As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again

28、 a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.(随着英格利斯和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have t

29、aken on a lifesaving role.(在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。3.（2020年7月，浙江卷）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skil

30、ls might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery

31、of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) functio

32、n at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status.“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like yo

33、ure in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiters job, for example, that requires multi

34、tasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”Of course,

35、our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.8.Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?A.To assess their health st

36、atus.B.To evaluate their work habits.C.To analyze their personality.D.To measure their mental ability.9.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?A.By using an experts words.B.By making a comparison.C.By referring to another study.D.By introducing a concept.10.Which of the followin

37、g is the best title for the text?A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsB.Old People Should Take Challenging JobsC.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpD.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age【答案】8.D 9.B 10.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。神经病学杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。8.细节理

38、解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。

39、故选D项。9.推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。10.主旨大意题。第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial

40、 skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。4.（2020年7月，浙江卷）The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the sa

41、me length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the

42、 signals changes.That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in

43、both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.For all of Bellevues success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadwa

44、ys. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “Its not g

45、oing to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mar

46、k Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Departments traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.11.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Increased length of green lights.B.Shortened

47、 traffic signal cycle.C.Flexible timing of traffic signals.D.Smooth traffic flow on the road.12.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals?A.They work better on broad roads.B.They should be used in other cities.C.They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.D.They are less helpful in cities s

48、eriously jammed.13.What can we learn from Bellevues success?A.It is rewarding to try new things.B.The old methods still work today.C.I pays to put theory into practice.D.The simplest way is the best way.【答案】11.C 12.D 13.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是

49、拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。11.指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。12.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“others