高频解密02 名词和主谓一致（原卷版）---【高频考点解密】2021年浙江新高考英语二轮复习讲义+典例训练.doc

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1、2021年浙江新高考英语二轮复习讲义+典例训练高频解密02 名词与主谓一致考点详解【命题解读】名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空与语法填空中。名词部分主要考查：名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配；名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）；名词的所有格；抽象名词的具体化；名词和冠词的搭配高考关于主谓一致的考查主要集中在一下三个方面：语法一致；意义一致；就近原则【命题预测】语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在词性转换、根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词、名词的复数形式、所有格形式的变化等。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。考向1 名词的数一、 名词的种类专有名词

2、普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词二、 名词的数1. 可数名词的复数(1)规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以s，x，ch，sh结尾加esglasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs以辅音字母y结尾变y为i再加esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母y结尾加sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加esthieves，wives，knives，

3、shelves，lives少数加sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o结尾通常加sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes【名师点睛】以o结尾的下列名词要加es，它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes， potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes) 蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以f或fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉

4、，加ves，它们是为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手 里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves， wolves，halves。但下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人mentooth牙te

5、ethfoot脚，英尺feetmouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomenamedium传播媒介media常见单复数同形的名词：Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。 Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill. Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked. 合成

6、名词的复数形式：son-in-law sons-in-lawpasser-by passers-bystory-teller story-tellers【名师点睛】名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：woman singer women singers1.（2018新课标卷I·语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014_66（that which）_showed a mere f

7、ive to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_(cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。2.（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为there） again, they had a big separate house to raise

8、dozens of chicken.【答案】chicken改为chickens【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。3. （2018·全国新课标卷·短文改错）After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.【答案】sort改为sorts【解析】sort在此意为“种类”，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将sort改为sorts.4.（2018·浙江卷）Few people I know

9、seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese _56_(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes 【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。5.（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some uninten

10、ded side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.【答案】effects 【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些不为人知的副作用”，根据前文的some可知“side effect”(副作用)有很多，故填effects。6.（2017新课标卷·语法填空）In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in L

11、ondon. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.【答案】crowds【解析】此处表示复数概念，crowd前没有冠词，且它是可数名词，故填crowds.7.（2017新课标卷·语法填空）She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concen

12、trate on her studies.【答案】invitations 【解析】考查名词单复数。several修饰可数名词复数形式，故填invitations。8.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract). The nursery team switches him every few 69

13、(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum she never suspects.61.【答案】attraction【解析】考查名词。 形容词top后面跟名词形式。69.【答案】days【解析】考查名词复数。few修饰复数名词。2. 不可数名词(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。(2)不可

14、数名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这

15、个事件很成功。物质名词具体化drink饮料two drinks 两杯饮料coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times. 在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。（3）“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significan

16、ce, help 等。Its of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。1. Your advise is of little _.it doesn't help to improve our English. A. useful    B. uselessness &

17、#160;C. importance  D. helpless【答案】C【解析】 此题考查的是“be of +(形容词)抽象名词”的用法。useful 和helpless为形容词，故排除A和D, 根据后半句知“建议不能帮助我们提高英语成绩”，前半句也应该表示否定意义， little 本来就表否定意义，而uselessness又是否定意义，故排除B.2. She has gained many unforgettable _ about animals when _ in the forest doing research.A. experiences; stayedB. e

18、xperiences; stayingC. experience; stayedD. experience; staying【答案】B【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是when she is staying in the forest doing research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配修饰可数的量词： a nu

19、mber of, the number of, many, a great/good many few , a few, several 修饰不可数的量词： a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little 两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , quantity of考向2 名词的格1. -s所有格用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-s 或；表示共同的所有关系时，只

20、在最后一个名词后加-s或。Toms and Jims rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。Tom and Jims room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室2. of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the content of the novel小说的内容the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字3. 双重所有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of

21、名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)1.（2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】Fridays改为Friday。【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有关系，故把Fridays改为Friday。2.

22、 mother was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital. A. John and MaryB. Johns and Marys C. Johns and MaryD. John and Marys【答案】D【解析】句意：约翰和玛丽的妈妈被接收入院后五个小时都不省人事。此处主语是单数名词，表示"约翰和玛丽共有的妈妈"，所以只在最后一个名词词尾加-s。如表示"他们各自的母亲"，则用Johns and Marys mothers。考向3 名词作定语1. 直接作定语

23、, 通常用单数形式。college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛Lets stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。2. 名词所有格作定语。students books学生用书 Chinas capital中国的首都 the worlds population世界人口3. man，woman，gentleman作定语man，w

24、oman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。4. 某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店sales department营业部 a goods train

25、货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系5. 单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部6. 表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a workers family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)7. 两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。women drivers女司机 the womans driver这位妇女的司机gir

26、l friend女朋友 the girls friend 这女孩的朋友mother tongue母语 mothers tongue母亲的舌头8. 名词与其同根形容词都可以作定语，但意思上往往有差别：用名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的质地 或性质；用名词的同根形容词作定语，则说明被修饰的名词的特征。gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)（2018·浙江卷）Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food

27、 eaten outside the home and the rise in _64_(weigh) problems.【答案】weight 【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。考向4 主谓一致高考主谓一致的知识结构一致原则考点详解例句语法一致1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.What he said is very impo

28、rtant for us all.The children were in the classroom two hours ago. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are classmates.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. Both she and he are Young Pioneers.3.

29、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She，like you and Tom，is very tall. 4. ei

30、ther，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓

31、语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。Class Four is on the third floor. Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7. 由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majorit

32、y of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our class are girls.注：a number of 与the number of的区别8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is

33、the result. Such are the facts.逻辑一致1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag？Which are your bags？All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Ten miles is too long.3.

34、 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一致原则考点详解例句逻辑一致5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Twelve plus eight is twenty.Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6.

35、一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.I think physics isnt easy to study. 7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken. The pair

36、of shoes under the bed is his. 8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。The old are taken good care of.9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。A large quantity of people is needed here.注意：quantities一般用复数。Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可

37、数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.就近一致1. 当两个主语由either or， neither nor，whether or ，not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Either the teacher or the student

38、s are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right. 2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.Here引导的句子用法同上。如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.一、语法一致语法一致：就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1. 单数n.，不可数n.,不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数。H

39、is father is working on the farm. Time is money. To finish all the work on time is impossible. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.The children are in the classroom 2 hours ago.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的 并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。What I bought were 3 English books. What I say and do a

40、re helpful to you.2. 由and 或both.and 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are friends. Both she and he are Young Pioneers.如果and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。 The writer and artist has come.由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有each, every, no more than a(an), many a(an)修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Every student and ever

41、y teacher was in the room. No boy and no girl likes it.3. 主语后面有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。 Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the p

42、layground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4. either, neither, each, every或no+单数neither/neither/none of 复数名词，还有some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Each of us has a new book. Everything around us is matter.Neither of the texts is interesting. None of us has been to South Africa.5. 定语从句中，关系代

43、词that, which, who 作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。He is one of my students who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.1.（2018·新课标卷I·语法填空）While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 (than) walking, cy

44、cling or swimming.【答案】is【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时，且主语是it，表示单数概念。故填is。2. He is one of the most selfish men that _ ever lived; thats why hardly _ making friends with him.A. has；anyone likesB. have；does anyone likeC. has；no one likesD. have；anyone likes【答案】D【解析】考查主谓一致

45、。that引导的定语从句修饰的是名词复数men，因此定语从句的谓语动词应用have。第一个空考查的是定语从句中谓语动词的单复数，one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数动词，因此第一个空用have；后半句译为那就是几乎没有任何人和他交朋友的原因，hardly表示几乎不，根据句意，后面应是肯定句，故排除C项；hardly作为否定副词放在句首时，句子才使用倒装语序，因此排除B项。故选D项。6. 集体名词family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等，指整体时，用单数；指集体的成员时，用复数。 His family is a happy o

46、ne.The whole family are watching TV.The population of China is 1400 million.(人口)One third of the population here are workers.(人)people, cattle, police作主语时，谓语动词用复数。7. 由a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of 名词，或者是分数/百分数名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。 The rest of the lecture is wonderful. A lot of time is wasted. A lot of people take part in the meeting. 2/3 water is drunk by him. 2/3 students are absent.8. 倒装句中，谓语v.的数与其后