解密16阅读理解之主旨大意题-2021年高考英语高频考点解密（二轮复习）(解析版）.doc

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1、解密16 主旨大意题序号题型真题Part 1解密高考考点综述 备考建议Part 2对点解密考点精准说1. 真题对点析1. 对点模拟练1.Part 3强化集训真题模测、典题模测Part 1解密高考【考点综述】主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一， 旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占2-3个。 1. 从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段。段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻 找或总结。2. 考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分

2、为三种主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。【备考建议】根据高考对其考查点，在做题时，应该注意其设问特点和常考问题，并且以高度概括法给阅读文章整体加注标题。对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那

3、么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章

4、的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.话题：Stamps控制性概念：CHIN

5、A issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family namesPart 2对点解密【考点精准说】1-中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意

6、题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。【真题对点析】1【2020·全国新课标IIIC】With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor

7、, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Wh

8、itehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”And what does Nick think?

9、“From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generati

10、ons living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds l

11、ive with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, yo

12、ung women are expected to move in with their husbands family when they get married.31828. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?A. Nick. B. Rita.C. KathrynD. The daughters.29. What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law?A. Positive.B. Carefre

13、e.C. Tolerant.D. Unwilling.30. What is the authors statement about multigenerational family based on?A. Family traditions.B. Financial reports. C. Published statistics. D. Public opinions.31. What is the text mainly about?A. Lifestyles in different countries.B. Conflicts between generations.C. A hou

14、sing problem in Britain.D. A rising trend of living in the UK.【答案】28.B29.A30.C31.D【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。28.细节理解题。根据第三段“ but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知，但Rita在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。

15、由此可知，Rita 在布里斯托尔的维多利亚式住宅中使用一楼。故选B项。29.推理判断题。根据第五段“And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”可知，尼克是怎么想的?“从我的角度来看，一切都很顺利。我推荐它吗?是的，我想我会推荐在一起居住的。”由此判断出，尼克对和和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选A项。30.细节理解题。根据第六段“ Official reports suggest that t

16、he number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.”官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。根据第七段“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigeneration

17、al households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.”可知，据说，25-34岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。由此可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的统计数据。故选C项。31.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live

18、 together.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。【对点模拟练】1When I recently revealed to my friends, colleagues, and family members that I would be moving my family to Israel, the reactions were numerous and varied. Some people said it was an expected thing while oth

19、ers asked: Why now? What will you do?For me, making the move to Israel is the fulfillment of a dream that has lasted for my 47 years of life. I have always known that Israel is my home. Over the years Israel has been in my heart, but I have found a number of reasons to put off making it my permanent

20、 residence: kids, the economy, education you name an excuse, and at some point I have probably used it.Truthfully, I believe that I was always just a little bit scared. And of course I still am, with the fear factor that is reported by the press surrounding the Israeli military and economy. However,

21、 it has come to the point when I have realized that for over 2000 years we have longed for this land, and that for 47 years I have denied the opportunity to make it my home. I am finally ready to fully grasp this opportunity.Over the years, I have always loved visiting Israel. I have traveled there

22、with my family, and enjoyed introducing thousands of travelers to the country. I have come to love all of these things about Israel as a tourist because I get to love my home. And as far as waiting for the “perfect” condition under which to make aliyah, I believe the time is now!I have been asked ma

23、ny times if I am nervous about moving to Israel. Before I answer, I remember that we have overcome the Greeks, the Romans, the Russian killings, Hitler and the Holocaust(大屠杀)，and the armies of seven countries.How can I not feel confident that I , and my family, will overcome any difficulties that ma

24、y come our way? I am not worrying, complaining, crying, or fearing as I prepare to make aliyah. I am proud and excited to say that I am fulfilling a 47-year-old dream: I am going home.4What does the author want to say in the passage?AHis dream is to come true after 47 years.BIt is a dilemma for him

25、to return to Israel.CHe didnt live a happy life in Israel.DIt is a latest trend to fulfill everyones dream.5The author didnt return to Israel before because_.Ahis children mainly held him backBhe failed to get determinedChe didnt save enough moneyDhe hoped to finish his education6What does the under

26、lined part “make aliyah” mean in the passage?ATo return to Israel.BTo make a decision.CTo live happily.DTo catch a chance.7It can be inferred from the passage that _.Athe author will be happy to meet his relatives in IsraelBIsrael is a familiar word but a strange place for the authorCthe Israeli suf

27、fered a lot in the historyDIsrael is still a place between wars and chaos【答案】4A5B6A7C【解析】作者在文中叙述了自己经历了在外流浪的47年后，决定带着家人回到以色列, 使自己多年的梦想得以实现的故事。4主旨大意题。作者在文中叙述了自己经历了在外流浪的47年后，决定带着家人回到以色列, 使自己多年的梦想得以实现的故事，选A。5细节理解题。由but I have found a number of reasons to put off making it my permanent residence: kids, t

28、he economy, education you name an excuse, and at some point I have probably used it.可知以前作者没有做出回以色列的决定是因为找了种种借口,也就是说作者自己没有下定决心。选B。6词义猜测题。通过阅读全文可知作者带着家人回到以色列的梦想马上就要实现，所以“make aliyah” 指的是回到家乡以色列，选A。7推理判断题。由Before I answer, I remember that we have overcome the Greeks, the Romans, the Russian killings, H

29、itler and the Holocaust(大屠杀)，and the armies of seven countries.可知以色列人在历史上遭受了很多苦难，选C。【考点精准说】2-主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。【真题对点析】2【2020·全国新课标ID】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent

30、 studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts

31、 Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful

32、chemicals in groundwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetable

33、s. Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the futu

34、re，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and offswitchwhere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of

35、the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy

36、.31632What is the first paragraph mainly about?AA new study of different plants.BA big fall in crime rates.CEmployees from various workplaces.DBenefits from green plants.33What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?ATo detect plants lack of waterBTo change compositio

37、ns of plantsCTo make the life of plants longer.DTo test chemicals in plants.34What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?AThey will speed up energy production.BThey may transmit electricity to the home.CThey might help reduce energy consumption.DThey could take the place of power plants.

38、35Which of the following can be the best title for the text?ACan we grow more glowing plants?BHow do we live with glowing plants?CCould glowing plants replace lamps?DHow are glowing plants made pollution-free?【答案】32D33A34C35C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种

39、植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。32主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究

40、发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。33细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到

41、地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。34细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。35主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighti

42、ng is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发

43、光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。【对点模拟练】2Vinegar makes salad，fries and dumplings taste better， and you can even use it to clean your windows And now， according to scientists， it

44、may even the planet's population survive climate changeResearchers from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science （CSRS） in Japan found that growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts This could mean that in the future， worries about climate change affecting the worl

45、d's supply of food will be much lower The discovery was made after the researchers studied the Arabidopsis， a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather It was found that when the plant was placed in droughtlike conditions， it produced a chemical called acetate（醋酸盐）the main component

46、of vinegarAfter discovering this， the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants， before they stopped giving them water completely After leaving the plants for 14days， they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived， while the untreated plants had dried

47、up and diedIt's hoped that this simple method of survival could soon be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive "In the experiment， we targeted the staple foods of the worldrice， wheat and maizeand the basic plant of breeding species， rapeseed（油菜籽），" Jong Myong Kim

48、， coauthor of the study， told Popular Science magazineKim also told the magazine he's already been in touch with people all over the world who are interested in trying this simple and costeffective method out for themselves from flower growing companies to amateur gardeners Although at this point keeping thirsty plants alive isn't as easy as just pouring vinegar over them， Kim said he and his team are working on making the process as simple as possible "Now we are trying to cooperate