解密15 阅读理解之词义猜测题（教师版）-【高频考点解密】2021年山东新高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练.doc

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1、解密15 阅读理解之词义猜测题考点详解词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。【命题趋势】1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词 在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词 义的具体内容。3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用逻辑关系梳理法、递向寻踪法理清人物及事物

2、之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式】1. The underlined word in the second(third) paragraph refers to(means) _.2. By saying that in the first(second) paragraph, the author means that _.3. In paragraph , can be replaced by _.4. The meaning of in paragraph is related to _.5. Which of the following has the closest meanin

3、g to(paragraph)?6. The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。一 、相似法：利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确

4、定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。Fermats Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem,

5、and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with a

6、n explanation.D. To limit peoples imagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。二、对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前

7、、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。表示对比的信号词有yet, but, while, though, however, otherwise, on the one hand.on the other hand, for one thing.for another thing, instead of等。A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston

8、 mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialists.B. A plan requiring careful thought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D. A demand made by guests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦

9、，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。三、释义法：有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。常见的词有：mean, that is, in other words, for example, for instance, such as.1. 全国卷 B26. While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three we

10、re given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, its you tha

11、t has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项

12、。2. “Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into

13、the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing interest in organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organi

14、c food.D. Higher prices of organic food.【答案】A【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。四、语境推断法：任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。1根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物

15、或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed

16、by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。2根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his

17、brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。3根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例如：I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .The word presumptuous in the mi

18、ddle of the passage is closest in meaning to _ .Afull of respectBtoo confident and rudeClacking in experienceDtoo shy and quiet根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender sho

19、ots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。4根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如：William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple

20、Bmixed Csad Dhappy句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：混合的，交织的，答案是：B。Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我

21、们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。【2020·全国卷II，C】The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says its not easy to convince

22、people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Moutons job these days is trying to promote fur.30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Boomed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D

23、. Crashed.答案：30. D解析：词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸

24、鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。五、构词推断法：阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。1根据前缀猜测词义例如：Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex sch

25、ools?根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。2根据后缀猜测词义例如：It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point后缀 -ise/ize意思是使成为；使化，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意

26、思是：未被商业化的。3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。We l

27、ive in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：大批量生产；规模生产的意思。【2020·山东卷，D】 According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,

28、both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.13. What does the under

29、lined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.答案：13. D.解析：词义猜测题。根据构词法，bean:指豆子；pole: 杆子，合起来，豆杆一样的人，可知，此处指又高又瘦的人。另外结合语境，前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large

30、 portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。检测训练题组一 真题在线Passage 1(2018·全国新课标卷III，D)Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we

31、often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our effor

32、ts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is s

33、erious about becoming a doctor)For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to p

34、lay with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling i

35、t, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object

36、 worked for both of us.32. What do the words “more is more” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough. C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects? A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for

37、a poor girl C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd? A. To try out an idea B. To show a parent's love C. To train his attention D. To help him start a hobby35. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Take It or

38、Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving【语篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。32. A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。33. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中She chose to sell a few l

39、arger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。34. A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。35. C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作

40、者想要教会孩子how to live more with less，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。Passage 2(2018·全国新课标卷III，D) Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as th

41、ey drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of citi

42、es do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume

43、. Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all&#

44、160;garbage on the ground today The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more

45、energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for ye

46、ars.24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A. Help increase grocery sales. B. Recycle the waste material. C. Stop things falling off trucks. D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Bans on plastic bags. B. Effects of city development. C

47、. Headaches caused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hung in trees.26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A. They are quite expensive. B. Replacing them can be difficult. C. They are less strong than plastic bags. D. Producing them requires more energy.27. What is the

48、 best title for the text? A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control【语篇解读】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。24. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry be