考点17关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句-备战2021年高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

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1、考点17 关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句高考频度： 【考点解读】定语从句在高考的基础知识方面的考查主要体现在单选题、语法填空及短文改错中，在单项选择中主要考查定语从句的一些基本用法，如常见关系词的选择，在选择的过程中，一定要注意限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别，定语从句与名词性从句，及状语从句的引导词的区别等，有时也会与其他修饰性的句型结构之间进行误导性考查，如与强调句性等，所以重点掌握的是从高考题中总结规律，达到熟练应用。【命题预测】定语从句是历年高考的重点， 主要考查常见关系代词和关系副词的用法， 比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及区别性的选择等，及与其他从句如

2、名词性从句的区别等。在高考的中主要体现在语法填空，短文改错，完型填空等中。关系代词引导的定语从句考向一 常见关系代词的基本用法1. that可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。2. which指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）3. who, whom, whose（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语

3、; 只可指人（3）whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)注意： 关系代词作介词宾语 (在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which) 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末。） 4. asas 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语（1）如

4、为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as(与相同)；such as （如此，这样）; as many/much as（和一样多）；so/as as（与一样）等结构中。如：（2）如为非限制性的，as还可以单独引导一个定语从句，代替整个主句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语)众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 1.（2020·新课标II卷

5、83; 短文改错）Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.【答案】what which 【解析】考查定语从句。本句是含有非限制性定语从句的复合句，先行词 是 your letter，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处应用指物的 which。 2.（2020·新课标III卷·语法填空）In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike.【答案】61. whose 【解析】考查定语从句。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句。先行词 ar

6、tist 是人，与paintings 为所属关系，故填入作定语的关系代词 whose。 3. （2020·新课标III卷·短文改错）Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation. 【答案】what that 【解析】考查定语从句。 此处考查定语从句。先行词为 the food，不定代词all 作其定语，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词 that。4.（2020· 山东新高考· 语法填空）The 80,00

7、0 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.【答案】which / that 【解析】考查定语从句。关系代词 which / that 引导定语从句，指代先行词 the British Museum，在从句中作主语。 5.（2019·新课标III卷·语法填空）They were well trained by their masters _64_ had great

8、experience with caring for these animals.【答案】who【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。2. (2018·新课标卷I·语法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of h

9、eart disease and early deaths from all causes.【答案】that/which【解析】that或which 考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。5.Among the many dangers_ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when 【参考答案】A【答案解析】分析句子结构可知，_sailors have to face 是定语从句，修饰先行词the

10、 many dangers，且从句缺少宾语，要用关系代词。 因此A选项正确。句意为 在水手不得不面对的许多危险中，可能最大的是雾霾。考向二that、 which的辨析1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。（2）先行词被

11、序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是城市。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只

12、用that， 不用which.如：The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常

13、只用that， 不用which.如：He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如： Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？2. 只用which，不能用that的情况（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的

14、先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如： This is the question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which wev

15、e had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。（2） 先行词为“those表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。（3）当先行词指物，

16、关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。 1.（2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。2.（2017·新课标卷II·短文改错）In their s

17、pare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用介词which结构替换。I still remember the day when I first ca

18、me to Beijing.我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。2.当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？3.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。The media can often help solve

19、problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.媒体经常能够帮助解决问题，把注意力吸引到需要帮助的情况。关系代词和关系副词的选择用法依据根据从句谓语动词若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词则用关系副词。根据关系词在从句中作的成分把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。1.（2020·新课标I卷·语法填空）Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, Chi

20、na first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.【答案】63. where 【解析】此处缺少引导定语从句的关系词。spot 作为先行词表示地点，空白处所填的词在定语从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词 where。 2.（2020·天津卷·单项填空）7. Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990 s, _he gave

21、 it to his grandson.A. whichB. whenC. whereD. who【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：史密斯先生一直拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它送给了孙子。句中包含定语从句，先行词是the early 1990 s，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。故选B。1.（2019·新课标II卷·语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， _62_ she opened with her

22、late husband Les.【答案】where【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用where。题组一 基础过关I. 用适当的关系词填空1. Do you remember the scene _ Cao Cao and Liu Bei were drinking?2. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.3. I will never forget

23、the days _ I was taken good care of in that village.4. Do you know the reason John is so angry?5. None of us know the reason _ Tom was absent from the meeting.6. The reason _ he explained at the meeting for his absence didnt make sense.7. I still remember the night _ she left the house.8. However, t

24、his was a time one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.9. Today we have reached a stage we have almost no rights at all.10. The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.II.单句语法填空1A football fan is a person _ has a strong interest in football2Is there anyone

25、in your class _ family is in the country?3I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm with the farmers4We all know that this is the second book _ he has ever written5_ is often the case in India, foreign firms will face big barriers6Those _ have six or more close friends are described as

26、“very happy”7Michel Crozier, with _ help Daisy passed the exam, was one of the straight A students of the school8The boy, of _ the hair is red, is my brother9They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _ sat a small boy10In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _ are women11It is such a go

27、od book _ I want to buy immediately12Our life has reached the stage _ we should decide what to do and how to do it by ourselves13I don't know the reason _ he came so late14Suddenly I heard a man shouting at a driver, _ car was blocking the street15The way _ he looks at problems is wrong16They ta

28、lked about the persons and things _ they remembered at school17I want to use the same tools _ were used in your factory a few days ago18We climbed up to the top of a hill, _ we got a good view of the whole forest park19In the dark street, there wasn't a single person _ whom she could turn for he

29、lp20Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?题组二能力提升单项选择1.This years childrens party, _ some parents were invited to, was a great success.A.whichB.whyC.whoseD.where2.The death of the closest relatives, _ almost every one of us has experienc

30、ed, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable.A.whichB.whoC.asD.the one3.Have you heard any news about Sarah?Yes, she was promoted to president of her company, _surprised everyone.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.it4.There is no success without hard work; success is something _is only earned after much labo

31、r.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.不填5.It is said that a most popular emoji (expression of emotion on the Internet) is the face with the rolling eyes, _ is used in 14 percent of text messages.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whose6.He isnt such a man _ he used to be.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as7.It was the training_he had as a yo

32、ung man_ made him such a good engineer.A.what, thatB.that, whatC.that, whichD.which, that8.Actually, there are grammatical mistakes many students make _keep them from writing the good compositions.A.whatB.thatC.whoD.whether9.Many universities share teaching resources online, creating a learning spac

33、e _ benefits life-long learners.A.howB.whatC.whichD.where10.Something_ really_ ,in my opinion, is having computer skills.A.that; countsB.which; countsC.that; counts onD.which; counts on题组三体验真题1.（2020·新课标II卷· 短文改错）Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.2.（2020·新课标III卷

34、3;语法填空）In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike.3. （2020·新课标III卷·短文改错）Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation. 4.（2020· 山东新高考· 语法填空）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, form

35、ed (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.5.（2020·新课标I卷·语法填空）Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.6.（20

36、20·天津卷·单项填空）7. Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990 s, _he gave it to his grandson.A. whichB. whenC. whereD. who7.（2019·新课标II卷·语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， _62_ she opened with her late husband Les.8.（2019&#

37、183;北京卷·语法填空）The students benefitting most from college are those _9_ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.9.（2019·浙江卷·语法填空）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _58_gives off light in the dark.10.（2019·新课标III卷·短文改错） In the cafe, customers will enjoy themse

38、lves in the historical environment what is created for them.11. (2018·新课标卷II·语法填空)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.

39、7 million tons.12.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空)Self-driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.A. that B. whereC. which D. when13. (2018·天津卷·单项填空) Kae, _sister I shared a room wit

40、h when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.A. whom B. thatC. whose D. her14.（2019·天津卷·单项填空）Their child is at the stage_ she can say individual words but not full sentences.A. whyB. whereC. whichD. what15.（2019·新课标I卷·短文改错）One afternoon where I was in primary school,

41、I was walking by the school playground.16.（2019·北京卷·语法填空）What students do at college seems to matter much more than _8_ they go.17.（2018·新课标I卷·短文改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.题组一 基础过关I

42、. 用适当的关系词填空1. where2. where3. when 4. why5. why6. that/which7. when8. when9. where10. whenII. 语法填空1.【答案】who/that【解析】句意：足球迷是对足球有强烈兴趣的人。分析句子成分可知，此处引导定语从句，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词，指人可用who/that。2【答案】whose【解析】此处引导定语从句，先行词为anyone。whose引导定语从句，在从句中作主语family的定语。3【答案】when【解析】句意：我永远也不会忘记和农民们一起住在农场的那些年。years是表示时间的名词，且从句中

43、不缺少主语和宾语，故用when引导定语从句，when在从句中作时间状语。4 【答案】that【解析】句意：我们都知道这是他曾经写的第二本书。当先行词前有序数词修饰时，要用that引导定语从句。5【答案】As【解析】此处为as引导的非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语，指代逗号后面整个主句的内容。6 【答案】who【解析】句意：那些有六个或更多亲密朋友的人常被认为是非常幸福的。先行词为those (指人)时，常用关系代词who引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语。7 【答案】whose【解析】句意：米歇尔·克罗泽是学校全优生之一，在他的帮助下黛西通过了考试。根据题干结构和句意可知，本句中含有

44、一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为Michel Crozier，并且与从句中的名词help之间构成所属关系，故用关系代词whose。8 【答案】whom【解析】句意：有着红色头发的男孩是我哥哥。of whom the hairthe hair of whomwhose hair。9 【答案】which【解析】in front of which还原即in front of the farmhouse。关系代词which指代先行词the farmhouse。10 【答案】whom【解析】two thirds of whom即two thirds of the 2,000 workers。关系词在从句中

45、作介词of的宾语，因此用宾格whom。11 【答案】as【解析】根据句子结构可知，本句含有一个限制性定语从句。先行词为a good book，并且从句中缺少宾语，又由于先行词被such修饰，故关系代词只能用as。12 【答案】where【解析】句意：我们的人生已经走到了应该独立决定该做什么和如何去做的阶段了。分析句子结构可知，本句中含有一个定语从句。先行词the stage作为抽象地点，并且从句中缺少地点状语，因此应用关系副词where。13 【答案】why【解析】句意：我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。先行词为the reason，且定语从句中缺少原因状语，故用why。14【答案】whose【解析

46、】句意：突然我听到一个人对一个司机喊了起来，那个司机的车挡住了街道。设空处引导定语从句，在从句中作car的定语，修饰先行词a driver。15 【答案】(that/in which)【解析】先行词是the way，且定语从句中缺少方式状语时，定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或者省略。16 【答案】that【解析】当先行词既有人又有物时，应用that引导该定语从句。17 【答案】as【解析】as引导定语从句时通常构成such as或the same as结构，其中such和the same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词并引导定语从句。as在从句中作主语。18 【答案】where【解析】句意：我们爬上了山顶，在那里我们可以看到整个森林公园的美景。此处the top of a hill是先行词，指地点，后面的非限制性定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，缺一个地点状语，故填where。19 【答案】to【解析】定语从句中使用了固定短语“turn to sb for help”，意为“向某人求助”。根据固定短语的搭配应用介词to。20【答案】w