测绘工程专业英语翻译武汉大学.pdf

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1、Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane SurveyingUnit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）（大地测量与平面测量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determiningSurveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determiningthe position of natural and arti

2、ficial features on,above or below the earththe position of natural and artificial features on,above or below the earth s ssurface;surface;andand representingrepresenting thisthis informationinformation inin analoganalog formform asas a a contouredcontoured map,map,paperpaperplan or chart,or as figur

3、es in report tables,or in digital form as a threeplan or chart,or as figures in report tables,or in digital form as a threedimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.（测量传统定义为确定地（测量传统定义为确定地表、表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征【featuresfeat

4、ures 形态、形态、特征】特征】；并使之按比例并使之按比例【inin analoganalogformform】测绘成地形图【】测绘成地形图【contouredcontoured mapmap】、平面图【、平面图【paperpaper planplan】或图表，或形成报告图表，】或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。）As such,the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspectAs such,the surveyor/g

5、eodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspectofof measurement.measurement.（同样的，测量员（同样的，测量员/大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理的和数学的特大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理的和数学的特征）征）TheThe accurateaccurate determinationdetermination andand monumentationmonumentation【标石、【标石、标志】标志】of of pointspoints onon thethe surfacesurfaceof th

6、e Earth is therefore seen as the major task.of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task.（因此精确确定并标定地表点位（因此精确确定并标定地表点位便成为测量的主要任务）便成为测量的主要任务）ThoughThough thesethese surveyssurveys are forare for variousvarious purposes,purposes,stillstill thethe basicbasic operationsoperations areare thethesame-th

7、ey involve measurements and computations or,basically,fieldwork andsame-they involve measurements and computations or,basically,fieldwork andofficeoffice work.work.（虽然测量工作有不同目的，（虽然测量工作有不同目的，基本的操作却都一样他们包括测量和计算，基本的操作却都一样他们包括测量和计算，或更基本地称之为，外业工作和内业工作）或更基本地称之为，外业工作和内业工作）There are many different types of

8、surveys such as land surveys,route surveys,There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys,route surveys,city surveys,construction surveys,hydrographic surveys,etc.,but generallycity surveys,construction surveys,hydrographic surveys,etc.,but generallyspeaking,surveying is divided into

9、 two major categories:geodetic and planespeaking,surveying is divided into two major categories:geodetic and planesurveying.surveying.（测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，（测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量）水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量）SurveysSurveys willwill ei

10、thereither taketake intointo accountaccount thethe truetrue shapeshape ofof thethe EarthEarth（GeodeticGeodetic surveyssurveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys).or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys).（是考虑地球真实形状的大（是考虑地球真实形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量【紧跟着上句】地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量【

11、紧跟着上句】）Additionally,Additionally,surveyssurveys areare conductedconducted【表现】【表现】for for thethe purposepurpose ofof positioningpositioning featuresfeaturesonon thethe ground(Horizontalground(Horizontal surveys),surveys),determiningdetermining thethe elevationelevation oror heightsheights ofoffeature

12、s(Vertical surveys)or a combination of both.features(Vertical surveys)or a combination of both.（另外，测量还分为确定平面（另外，测量还分为确定平面位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合。位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合。）Geodetic SurveyingGeodetic Surveying（大地测量）（大地测量）TheThe typetype ofof surveyingsurveying thatthat takestakes intointo accountaccoun

13、t thethe truetrue shapeshape ofof thethe earthearth isis calledcalledgeodetic surveying.geodetic surveying.（考虑地球真实形状的测量工作称为大地测量）（考虑地球真实形状的测量工作称为大地测量）This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to findThis type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is use

14、d to findthe precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for otherthe precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for othersurveys.surveys.（这种测量适用于大范围和长距离的测量工作，（这种测量适用于大范围和长距离的测量工作，用来确立基本点的精确位置，用来确立基本点的精确位置，用用以建立其他测量工作所需的控制网。以建立其他测量工作所需的控制网。）In geodetic surv

15、eys,the stations are normally long distances apart,and moreIn geodetic surveys,the stations are normally long distances apart,and morepreciseprecise instrumentsinstruments andand surveyingsurveying methodsmethods areare requiredrequired forfor thisthis typetype ofof surveyingsurveyingthanthan forfor

16、 planeplane surveying.surveying.（在大地测量中，站点经常是互相距离很远，那么这种测量就（在大地测量中，站点经常是互相距离很远，那么这种测量就比平面测量需要更精确的仪器和测量方法。比平面测量需要更精确的仪器和测量方法。）Widely spaced,permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths andWidely spaced,permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths anddistances between r

17、elative positions.distances between relative positions.（广泛间隔开的永久标石就作为计算点位之间（广泛间隔开的永久标石就作为计算点位之间距离的基础）距离的基础）【serveserve 当作】当作】These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control surveyThese basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control surveypoints,points,which

18、which supportsupport thethe productionproduction ofof consistentconsistent andand compatiblecompatible datadata forforsurveyingsurveying andand mappingmapping projects.projects.（这种永久标石点被称为大地控制点，为测量和绘图工（这种永久标石点被称为大地控制点，为测量和绘图工作提供可靠和一致的数据）作提供可靠和一致的数据）InIn thethe past,past,ground-basedground-based theo

19、dolites,theodolites,tapestapes【卷尺】【卷尺】,andand electronicelectronic devicesdevices werewerethe primary geodetic field measurements used.the primary geodetic field measurements used.（过去，大地经纬仪【（过去，大地经纬仪【DJDJ 大地经纬仪大地经纬仪的中文缩写】的中文缩写】、卷尺和电子设备是大地测量的野外工作初时【、卷尺和电子设备是大地测量的野外工作初时【primaryprimary】的工具。】的工具。）Today,

20、Today,thethe technologicaltechnological expansionexpansion ofof GPSGPS hashas mademade itit possiblepossible toto performperform extremelyextremelyaccurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost.accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost.（现在，（现在，GPSGPS 技术的发展技术的发展【expansionexpansion 扩充、膨

21、胀】使大地测量工作花费非常小的代价【扩充、膨胀】使大地测量工作花费非常小的代价【a fraction ofa fraction of 一小部分】一小部分】就能获得极为精确的结果成为可能。就能获得极为精确的结果成为可能。）A thoroughA thorough knowledgeknowledge ofof thethe principlesprinciples ofof geodesygeodesy isis anan absolute prerequisiteabsolute prerequisite forforthe proper planning and execution of g

22、eodetic surveys.the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.（大地测量工作计划的编制（大地测量工作计划的编制【planningplanning】和实施【】和实施【executionexecution】，【properproper 恰当的，翻译时略掉】恰当的，翻译时略掉】，绝对需要【，绝对需要【absoluteabsoluteprerequisiteprerequisite】对对大大地地测测量量学学知知识识有有全全面面的的掌掌握握。【A A thoroughthorough knowledgeknowledge of

23、of thetheprinciples of geodesy is an absolute prerequisiteprinciples of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一个彻底的知识大地测量学一个彻底的知识大地测量学的原理的，是绝对需要的。的原理的，是绝对需要的。】）In Geodetic Surveys,the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid,althoughIn Geodetic Surveys,the shape of the earth is thought of as a s

24、pheroid,althoughin a technical sense,it is not really a spheroid.in a technical sense,it is not really a spheroid.（在大地测量中，地球的形状（在大地测量中，地球的形状被看成一个椭球体，虽然在技术角度来看，它不是真正的椭球。被看成一个椭球体，虽然在技术角度来看，它不是真正的椭球。）Therefore,distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not alongTherefore,distances measu

25、red on or near the surface of the earth are not alongstraight lines or planes,but on a curved surface.straight lines or planes,but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近测（因此，在地球表面上或附近测量距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行，而是在一个曲面上。量距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行，而是在一个曲面上。)Hence,in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys,allowances a

26、re madeHence,in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys,allowances are madefor the earthfor the earths minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference iss minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference isdeveloped.developed.（因此，（因此，在大地测量距离的计算中，在大地测量距离的计算中，参考椭球的长轴与

27、短轴所带来的误差就显参考椭球的长轴与短轴所带来的误差就显示【示【developdevelop 显示出来】出来。显示出来】出来。）The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid.The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid.（每个大地（每个大地站点的位置都与这个椭球有关）站点的位置都与这个椭球有关）The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of

28、the Equator)The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator)andand longitudes(angleslongitudes(angles easteast oror westwest ofof a a primeprime meridian)meridian)oror asas northingsnorthings andand eastingseastingson a rectangular grid.on a rectangular grid.（这个位置是用纬度（与

29、赤道面所成的角）和经度（与初子午线（这个位置是用纬度（与赤道面所成的角）和经度（与初子午线所成的角）或用在直角坐标系中的北距和东距来表示。所成的角）或用在直角坐标系中的北距和东距来表示。）A A geodeticgeodetic surveysurvey establishesestablishes thethe fundamentalsfundamentals forfor thethe determinationdetermination ofof thethe surfacesurfaceand gravity field of a country.and gravity field o

30、f a country.（大地测量为建立国家范围内的重力场和确定地表架（大地测量为建立国家范围内的重力场和确定地表架构提供【构提供【establishesestablishes 建立】基础）建立】基础）ThisThis is realizedis realized byby coordinatescoordinates andand gravitygravity values of avalues of asufficiently large numbersufficiently large numberof control points,arranged in geodetic and gr

31、avimetric networks.of control points,arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks.（这将由测定（这将由测定布设在大地网和重力网中数量十分巨大的控制点，所得到的坐标和重力值来实现）布设在大地网和重力网中数量十分巨大的控制点，所得到的坐标和重力值来实现）In this fundamental work,curvature and the gravity field of the earth must beIn this fundamental work,curvature and the gravity field

32、 of the earth must beconsidered.considered.（在这项基础工作中，地球的曲率和重力场都应被考虑。（在这项基础工作中，地球的曲率和重力场都应被考虑。）Plane SurveyingPlane Surveying（平面测量）（平面测量）TheThe typetype ofof surveyingsurveying inin whichwhich thethe meanmean surfacesurface ofof thethe earthearth isis consideredconsidered a a plane,plane,oror inin wh

33、ichwhich thethe curvaturecurvature ofof thethe earthearth cancan bebe disregardeddisregarded withoutwithout significantsignificant error,error,generally is called plane surveying.generally is called plane surveying.（这种类型的测量把地球平均的表面视作平面，（这种类型的测量把地球平均的表面视作平面，或认为地球曲率带来的误差可以忽略不计，或认为地球曲率带来的误差可以忽略不计，这样的测量

34、工作称为平面测量这样的测量工作称为平面测量significantsignificant 重重大的，不翻译也行大的，不翻译也行）TheThe termterm isis usedused toto designatedesignate surveysurvey workwork inin whichwhich thethe distancesdistances oror areasareas involvedinvolvedare of limited extent.are of limited extent.（这个术语曾指涉及的距离及范围非常有限的测量工作【（这个术语曾指涉及的距离及范围非常有

35、限的测量工作【extentextent范围】范围】）With regard to horizontal distances and directions,a level line is consideredWith regard to horizontal distances and directions,a level line is consideredmathematically straight,the direction of the plumb line is considered to be themathematically straight,the direction of

36、the plumb line is considered to be thesame at all points within the limits of the survey,and all angles are consideredsame at all points within the limits of the survey,and all angles are consideredto be plane angles.to be plane angles.（由于被当成了水平距离和方向，水平线被当成直线【省略掉（由于被当成了水平距离和方向，水平线被当成直线【省略掉mathematic

37、allymathematically】，在这个有限范围内所有点上的铅垂线方向被认为是相同的，在这个有限范围内所有点上的铅垂线方向被认为是相同的，所有的角被所有的角被认为都是平面角。认为都是平面角。）ToTomakemakecomputationscomputationsininplaneplanesurveying,surveying,youyouwillwilluseuseformulasformulasofofplaneplanetrigonometry,algebra,and analytical geometry.trigonometry,algebra,and analytical

38、geometry.（在平面测量的计算中，你可以使（在平面测量的计算中，你可以使用平面三角、代数、和平面解析几何的公式）用平面三角、代数、和平面解析几何的公式）For small areas,precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods,For small areas,precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods,but the accuracy and precisionbut the accuracy and precisionofof su

39、ch results will decrease as the area surveyedsuch results will decrease as the area surveyedincreasesincreases inin size.size.（小范围内，平面测量方法可以获得精确的结果，但是随着范围的扩（小范围内，平面测量方法可以获得精确的结果，但是随着范围的扩大，精度和准确度将随之下降）大，精度和准确度将随之下降）For example,the length of an arc km long lying in the earthFor example,the length of a

40、n arc km long lying in the earth s surface is onlys surface is only7mm greater7mm greater thanthan thethe subtendedsubtended chordchord and,and,further,thefurther,the differencedifference betweenbetween thethe sumsumof the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangleof the

41、 angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangleis only second for a triangle at the earthis only second for a triangle at the earth s surface having an area of 100kms surface having an area of 100km2 2.（例如，地球表面一条长的弧只比其所对的【（例如，地球表面一条长的弧只比其所对的【subtendsubtend 与相对】弦长与相对】弦长 7mm7m

42、m，【furtherfurther进一步，进一步，可以省略】可以省略】，在一个面积为在一个面积为 100100 平方公里的平面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角平方公里的平面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角形中的内角和之差只有秒）形中的内角和之差只有秒）ItIt willwill bebe appreciatedappreciated thatthat thethe curvaturecurvature ofof thethe earthearth mustmust bebe takentaken intointoconsideration only in precise surveys of la

43、rge areas.consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.（只有在大面积的精密测量（只有在大面积的精密测量工作中地球曲率才必需被考虑【工作中地球曲率才必需被考虑【appreciatedappreciated 重视】重视】。）A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.（多数的测量工作都是（多数的测量工作都是属于平面测量类型）属于平面测量类型）

44、Surveys for the location and construction of highways,railroads,canals,and inSurveys for the location and construction of highways,railroads,canals,and ingeneral,the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys,general,the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plan

45、e surveys,asas areare thethe surveyssurveys mademade toto establishestablish boundaries,boundaries,exceptexcept statestate andand national.national.（【特【特定】区域测量、公路【定】区域测量、公路【highwayhighway 是干道的意思，是干道的意思，speedwayspeedway、freewayfreeway 才是高速公路】建设、才是高速公路】建设、铁路、沟渠等，总的来说与人们工作密切相关的测量工作都是平面测量，不包括州界和国铁路、沟渠等，

46、总的来说与人们工作密切相关的测量工作都是平面测量，不包括州界和国界测量在内的边界测量也同属平面测量）界测量在内的边界测量也同属平面测量）However,with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and otherHowever,with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and otherscientificscientific projects,projects,surveyorssurveyors whowho restrictrestric

47、t theirtheir practicepractice toto planeplane surveyingsurveying areareseverely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged.severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged.（然而，（然而，随着工程和其他科学项目越来越大越来越复杂，在限定【随着工程和其他科学项目越来越大越来越复杂，在限定【restrictrestrict 约束】于从事平面测量约束】于

48、从事平面测量工作的测量员在他们可以从事的测量类型上受到严格【工作的测量员在他们可以从事的测量类型上受到严格【severelyseverely 严格的】限制。严格的】限制。【前面讲【前面讲多数测量工作为平面测量，这里就转折的说从事平面测量的人员能进行的工作越来越少】多数测量工作为平面测量，这里就转折的说从事平面测量的人员能进行的工作越来越少】）The operation of determining elevation usually is considered a division of planeThe operation of determining elevation usually i

49、s considered a division of planesurveying.surveying.（我们通常把高程的测量与平面测量分开来。（我们通常把高程的测量与平面测量分开来。）Elevations are referred to the geoid.Elevations are referred to the geoid.（高程参考的是大地水准面。（高程参考的是大地水准面。【或者说高程是相【或者说高程是相对于大地水准面而言的】对于大地水准面而言的】）The geoid is theoretical only.The geoid is theoretical only.（大地水准面只是

50、在理论上存在）（大地水准面只是在理论上存在）ItIt isis thethe naturalnatural extensionextension ofof thethe meanmean seasea levellevel surfacesurface underunder thethe landmass.landmass.（它（它是平均海平面在大陆下的自然延伸。是平均海平面在大陆下的自然延伸。【它是平均海平面蔓延穿过大陆而成的】【它是平均海平面蔓延穿过大陆而成的】）We could illustrate this idea by digging an imaginary trench acr