考点29 阅读理解之说明文-备战2022年中考英语考点一遍过 （解析版）.doc

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1、考点29 阅读理解之说明文英语说明文，顾名思义，就是一种以说明、解释为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及

2、人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who what when where how why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how

3、：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。AHave you ever gone to a fast-food restaurant to eat and gotten a kid's meal that came with a toy? Sometimes those meals have different toys for boys and girls maybe a truck for the boys and a toy bear for the gi

4、rls. Who decides that boys like to play with trucks and girls like to play with stuffed animals? I know many boys who like stuffed animals and lots of girls who play with trucks. When we decide what someone will like or how they will act just because they are boys or girls, we are stereotyping（形成模式化

5、观念）. A stereotype is a group that we put people into. Our human brains do this all the time; it's one of the ways that our brain has learned to deal with the world. We see someone and put that person into a groupfor example, the old or the young, a boy or a girl. Is that a bad thing? No, it'

6、s not. One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to deal with situations rapidly because we may have had a similar experience before. The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they cut down the amount of processing（i.e. thinking）we have to do when w

7、e meet a new person. Although grouping itself isn't bad, it can be harmful sometimes. It makes us ignore differences between each single person, that is, we usually think all the people in one group are the same but that might not be true. When we stereotype, we think of a group and give everyon

8、e in that group certain characteristics. For example, the fast food restaurant believed that all boys like to play with vehicles and all girls prefer toy animals. They did that based only on whether they were boys or girls. Stereotypes are problems when beliefs that people have about groups are not

9、necessarily true. Have you ever heard anyone say that "Men are better drivers than women"? Statements like this take a group of people and give all of them the same behaviors or characteristics. I know men who are good drivers, and I know women who are good drivers. It's not fair to ju

10、dge all people in a group by a stereotype. We need to remember that everyone in the group is an individual who has different abilities, interests, strengths and behaviors.30. The example of different toys for boys and girls is mentioned to show that_.A. boys and girls prefer different toysB. boys an

11、d girls are treated unfairlyC. people sometimes mix children's likesD. people have fixed ideas on things31. Which of the following stereotypes is useful?A. Making friends by his appearance.B. Boys do better in science than girls.C. Youth easily do unreasonable things.D. Red signs on the road war

12、n us of danger.32. The underlined word “ignore” in Paragraph 4 probably means _.A. fail to noticeB. fail to trustC. fail to searchD. fail to face33. What does the writer want to tell us about stereotyping?A. Stereotyping is like a coin which has two sides.B. It helps our brain learn to deal with sim

13、ilar situations.C. Judging people by stereotyping them makes things hard.D. Trying to learn about and form some kinds of them stereotypes.【答案】30. D 31. D 32. A 33. A【解析】模式化观念就是我们把人们放在某一个群体里，产生固有印象。模式化观念既有优点，也有缺点。优点是它能使我们迅速处理各种情况，简化社会世界；缺点是它会让我们忽视每个个体之间的差异。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据短文第一段的内容可知，作者先从生活中的事例出发，目的是给读

14、者引出模式化观念这一概念，然后对它进行具体的介绍。D选项符合文意，故选D。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据短文第三段“One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to deal with situations rapidly because we may have had a similar experience before.”可知，模式化观念的一个优点是使我们根据以前的相似经历，快速处理各种情况。结合生活常识可知，红色会起到警告的作用，D选项符合文意，故选D。A、B和C三项都是模式化观念产生的不好的影响。【32题详解】词义猜测题。根

15、据语境“It makes us ignore differences between each single person, that is, we usually think all the people in one group are the same but that might not be true.”“它使我们每个个体之间的差异，认为一个群体里所有人都是一样的”，由此可猜测ignore意为“忽视”，即“没能注意到”，故选A。【33题详解】主旨大意题。根据短文第三段“One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to dea

16、l with situations rapidly because we may have had a similar experience before.”可知，这里介绍了模式化观念的优点；再根据第四段“Although grouping itself isn't bad, it can be harmful sometimes.”可知，模式化观念也有缺点。A选项“每个硬币都有两面”符合文意，故选A。B和C两个选项太片面；D选项不符合文意。BSouth China Mall Shopping Coupons(优惠券）Six Hours free parkingIf you spend

17、 ￥100 or more in our stores, you will receive six hours of free parking. Take this coupon to the service desk on the fourth floor to stamp(盖章)!Buy one, get one freeBuy one shirt or tie at Daniel's Menswear, and get another shirt or tie of the same value free. Hurry! Offer ends November 14.Offer

18、limited to one per customer.Win a ￥1,000 CD CollectionWin your choice of ￥1,000 worth of CDs from DJ Music Store. Just buy any two CDs and your name will go into the competition. Choose your own prize from our many kinds of rock, pop, jazz, and classical music.10% OffShow this coupon at the Book Sto

19、re to get a 10% off on any books you buy. We have lots of books to choose from, including children's books, novels and travel guides. You're sure to find something that you will enjoy.Free soft drinkBuy any meal for at least ￥50 at Mike's Cafe, and receive a free soft drink. We serve the

20、 best hamburgers and snacks in the mall. Come in and try our delicious meals and our excellent service. You won't be disappointed!Half-price movie ticketsBuy any full-price movie ticket on Tuesday or Wednesday, and you can buy a second ticket for a friend for only a half price. The latest movies

21、 are all here.21. If you spend ￥100 or more in the store, you can get _.A. a free shirtB. a free stampC. a free bookD. a coupon of free parking22. If you go to the Book Store, you can choose _.A. shirtsB. mealsC. Children's booksD. movie tickets23. Linda wants to have a free soft drink, she can

22、go to _.A. Mike's CafeB. Daniel's MenswearC. the Books StoreD. DJ Music Store【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了华南购物广场优惠券的一些信息和情况。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第1大段“If you spend ￥100 or more in our stores, you will receive six hours of free parking.”如果你消费100元以上在我们商店，你能享受6个小时的免费停车。可知，故选D。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据

23、第4大段“We have lots of books to choose from, including children's books, novels and travel guides.”我们有很多书籍可以选择，包括儿童书，小说和旅游指南。可知，故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据第5大段“Buy any meal for at least ￥50 at Mike's Cafe, and receive a free soft drink.”在Mike's Café可以享受免费的不含酒精的饮料。可知，故选A。CYou Are What You Eat

24、Genetic (基因的) engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a living thing. It allows scientists to identify specific genes, to remove them from a living things chromosomes(染色体), improve them, analyze them, and possibly clone them, and to then reinsert the changed gene into the ori

25、ginal living thing, or a completely different living things. Unlike traditional breeding (繁殖), where a desired quality would be bred within the same kind of living things, genetic engineering can insert desired ones into living things of different kinds. Wow . did you catch that? Genetic engineering

26、 creates many positive contributions to agriculture. For example, by genetically engineered (GE) foods, anti-cancer agents, minerals and vitamins can be increased. Improved taste, shelf life, and better transport are all possible. Also, GE plants can increase pest and bacterial resistance（抵抗力）, ther

27、efore, making the food safe for the consumers. But some argue that the possible negative effects outweigh the positives, and critics are starting to voice their worries. Unlike Europe, in the United States labeling（贴标签）is not required on genetically engineered foods or on foods that contain genetica

28、lly engineered products. Most Americans do not realize that they are, in fact, eating GE foods. The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks. With limited understanding of genes, scientists cannot predict possible effects. Because most genes introduced into GE plants come from sources

29、 not introduced into the human body, it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions. Moreover, due to the lack of labeling, if allergies（过敏）develop, it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them. There is also a major moral question in many minds. For many, the conflict is not if

30、it is safe or not, but it disturbs them because it is unnatural and unnecessary. We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world, yet one in seven people are starving. So GE food is unnecessary, and fails to address the root of hunger. Many believe that th

31、e only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it. Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlif

32、e? I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.27. According to the passage, traditional breeding is different from genetic engineering because_.A. traditional breeding changes the genes in the same kind of living thin

33、gsB. traditional breeding takes place within the same kind of living thingsC. traditional breeding is more scientificD. traditional breeding changes the genes in different kinds of living things28. According to Paragraph 5, GE food is unnecessary because _.A. customers will benefit from GE foodB. we

34、re now producing more food than beforeC. it wont help solve the problem of hunger in the worldD. there are obvious dangers in producing GE food29 What is the writers writing purpose?A. To introduce genetic engineerings positive contributions to agriculture.B. To welcome genetic engineering and GE fo

35、od.C. To discuss the differences between GE food and other food.D To tell people to keep GE food off before their influence on us is clear.【答案】27. B 28. C 29. D【解析】本文主要介绍了基因工程技术。基因工程可以将所需的生物转化为不同物种的生物，它为农业做出了巨大的贡献。而转基因食品是不必要的，因为它不会帮助解决世界上的饥饿问题，并且还可能存在一些隐患。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据文中Unlike traditional breeding

36、 (繁殖), where a desired quality would be bred within the same kind of living things.与传统育种不同，在传统繁殖中，期望的品质将在同一种生物中培育。可知选项B叙述的和原文一致，故选B。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据文中的句子We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world, yet one in seven people are starving.可知GE food还不能解决世界饥饿

37、问题。故选C。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段中的句子I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.作者说，GE food好处是惊人的，但是在我们确定这些食物会对我们产生什么影响之前，它们不值得冒这个险。可知作者是在告诉人们在转基因食品对我们的影响变得明显之前不要食用。故选D。DRound eyes, round head, round ears, round body! Wha

38、t is this lovely little animal? He looks like a bear. But he is not a bear. Hes a KOALA.People in Australia love koalas and take care of them. They have set up places for them to live safely. No one can kill them for their pretty fur. When a koala is born, he has no fur. And he is not as big as your

39、 little toe！The mother koala has a pocket in the front of her body. The baby goes into this warm pocket. There he stays for six months.When the baby leaves the pocket, he has much fur. And he is about as big as your shoe. He climbs to his mothers back. He rides there while she teaches him how to fin

40、d food. Mrs. Koala is a loving mother. She takes good care of her baby. But when he is bad, she beats him! The baby cries just as a small child does. If he keeps on crying, his mother beats him again. When he stops crying, she takes him in her arms. And then they both go to sleep for a while.The koa

41、la could not live without a special kind of tree. The tree gives him both his home and his food. For most of the day, the koala sleeps in the tree.At night, the koala looks for food. He may go miles to find it. He likes only the bark (树皮) and the leaves of the tree. He eats nothing else. And he eats

42、 more than two pounds each night!Its a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush fires months ago in Australia. We should protect the environment and care more about wildlife, and then we will see the smiling faces of lovely koalas again,59. People in Australia_.A. set up places for koalas t

43、o live safelyB. put koalas in the treeC. raise baby koalas in their pocketsD. keep koalas in their homes60. Koalas cannot live without a special kind of tree because_.A. they have to keep cool under the treeB. they eat the fruit on the treeC. they live in the tree and get food from itD. they stay in

44、 the tree all the time61. Which of the following is True according to the passage?A. Koalas only live in Australia and we should protect them.B. Australians look after koalas at home and give them enough food.C. Thousands of koalas hid themselves safely in the bush fires months ago.D. There are no d

45、ifferences between our food and koalas food.【答案】59. A 60. C 61. A【解析】本文主要介绍了考拉的一些生活习性。【59题详解】细节理解题。根据第2大段“They have set up places for them to live safely.”他们为它们搭建安全居住的地方。可知，故选A。【60题详解】细节理解题。根据第4大段“The tree gives him both his home and his food.”这种树给他家和食物。可知，考拉不仅能住在这种树上也能在树上得到食物。故选C。【61题详解】推理判断题。根据第2大

46、段“They have set up places for them to live safely.”澳大利亚人为它们搭建安全居住的地方,再根据第6大段“Its a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush fires months ago in Australia. We should protect the environment and care more about wildlife,”很遗憾澳大利亚的数千只考拉因为数月前的大火死了，我们应该保护自然和野生动物。根据常识可知，考拉只生活在澳大利亚，我们应该保护它们是正确的，故A正

47、确；根据第4大段“The tree gives him both his home and his food.”这种树给他家和食物。可知，考拉住在树上而不是家里，故B错误；根据第6大段“Its a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush fires months ago in Australia.”很遗憾澳大利亚的数千只考拉因为数月前的大火死了，可知，不是藏起来了，故C错误；根据第5大段“He likes only the bark (树皮) and the leaves of the tree.”他只喜欢树皮和树叶，可知，考拉的食物

48、和我们的食物有很大的差别，故D错误。故选A。EDoctor Seuss was born in 1904. By the middle 1950s, he had become one of the best-loved and most successful children's book writers in the world. His books are very popular with young readers. They enjoy the invented words and the pictures of unusual funny animals and plants.In 1954, life magazine published a report about school children who could not read. The report said many children's books were not interesting. Doctor Seuss strongly hoped to help children and decided to write books that were interesting