考点29 阅读理解之说明文-备战2022年中考英语考点一遍过 （原卷版）.doc

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1、考点29 阅读理解之说明文英语说明文，顾名思义，就是一种以说明、解释为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及

2、人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who what when where how why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how

3、：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。AHave you ever gone to a fast-food restaurant to eat and gotten a kid's meal that came with a toy? Sometimes those meals have different toys for boys and girls maybe a truck for the boys and a toy bear for the gi

4、rls. Who decides that boys like to play with trucks and girls like to play with stuffed animals? I know many boys who like stuffed animals and lots of girls who play with trucks. When we decide what someone will like or how they will act just because they are boys or girls, we are stereotyping（形成模式化

5、观念）. A stereotype is a group that we put people into. Our human brains do this all the time; it's one of the ways that our brain has learned to deal with the world. We see someone and put that person into a groupfor example, the old or the young, a boy or a girl. Is that a bad thing? No, it'

6、s not. One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to deal with situations rapidly because we may have had a similar experience before. The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they cut down the amount of processing（i.e. thinking）we have to do when w

7、e meet a new person. Although grouping itself isn't bad, it can be harmful sometimes. It makes us ignore differences between each single person, that is, we usually think all the people in one group are the same but that might not be true. When we stereotype, we think of a group and give everyon

8、e in that group certain characteristics. For example, the fast food restaurant believed that all boys like to play with vehicles and all girls prefer toy animals. They did that based only on whether they were boys or girls. Stereotypes are problems when beliefs that people have about groups are not

9、necessarily true. Have you ever heard anyone say that "Men are better drivers than women"? Statements like this take a group of people and give all of them the same behaviors or characteristics. I know men who are good drivers, and I know women who are good drivers. It's not fair to ju

10、dge all people in a group by a stereotype. We need to remember that everyone in the group is an individual who has different abilities, interests, strengths and behaviors.30. The example of different toys for boys and girls is mentioned to show that_.A. boys and girls prefer different toysB. boys an

11、d girls are treated unfairlyC. people sometimes mix children's likesD. people have fixed ideas on things31. Which of the following stereotypes is useful?A. Making friends by his appearance.B. Boys do better in science than girls.C. Youth easily do unreasonable things.D. Red signs on the road war

12、n us of danger.32. The underlined word “ignore” in Paragraph 4 probably means _.A. fail to noticeB. fail to trustC. fail to searchD. fail to face33. What does the writer want to tell us about stereotyping?A. Stereotyping is like a coin which has two sides.B. It helps our brain learn to deal with sim

13、ilar situations.C. Judging people by stereotyping them makes things hard.D. Trying to learn about and form some kinds of them stereotypes.BSouth China Mall Shopping Coupons(优惠券）Six Hours free parkingIf you spend ￥100 or more in our stores, you will receive six hours of free parking. Take this coupon

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15、CDs from DJ Music Store. Just buy any two CDs and your name will go into the competition. Choose your own prize from our many kinds of rock, pop, jazz, and classical music.10% OffShow this coupon at the Book Store to get a 10% off on any books you buy. We have lots of books to choose from, including

16、 children's books, novels and travel guides. You're sure to find something that you will enjoy.Free soft drinkBuy any meal for at least ￥50 at Mike's Cafe, and receive a free soft drink. We serve the best hamburgers and snacks in the mall. Come in and try our delicious meals and our exce

17、llent service. You won't be disappointed!Half-price movie ticketsBuy any full-price movie ticket on Tuesday or Wednesday, and you can buy a second ticket for a friend for only a half price. The latest movies are all here.21. If you spend ￥100 or more in the store, you can get _.A. a free shirtB.

18、 a free stampC. a free bookD. a coupon of free parking22. If you go to the Book Store, you can choose _.A. shirtsB. mealsC. Children's booksD. movie tickets23. Linda wants to have a free soft drink, she can go to _.A. Mike's CafeB. Daniel's MenswearC. the Books StoreD. DJ Music StoreCYou

19、 Are What You Eat Genetic (基因的) engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a living thing. It allows scientists to identify specific genes, to remove them from a living things chromosomes(染色体), improve them, analyze them, and possibly clone them, and to then reinsert the changed

20、 gene into the original living thing, or a completely different living things. Unlike traditional breeding (繁殖), where a desired quality would be bred within the same kind of living things, genetic engineering can insert desired ones into living things of different kinds. Wow . did you catch that? G

21、enetic engineering creates many positive contributions to agriculture. For example, by genetically engineered (GE) foods, anti-cancer agents, minerals and vitamins can be increased. Improved taste, shelf life, and better transport are all possible. Also, GE plants can increase pest and bacterial res

22、istance（抵抗力）, therefore, making the food safe for the consumers. But some argue that the possible negative effects outweigh the positives, and critics are starting to voice their worries. Unlike Europe, in the United States labeling（贴标签）is not required on genetically engineered foods or on foods tha

23、t contain genetically engineered products. Most Americans do not realize that they are, in fact, eating GE foods. The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks. With limited understanding of genes, scientists cannot predict possible effects. Because most genes introduced into GE plants

24、 come from sources not introduced into the human body, it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions. Moreover, due to the lack of labeling, if allergies（过敏）develop, it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them. There is also a major moral question in many minds. For many, the c

25、onflict is not if it is safe or not, but it disturbs them because it is unnatural and unnecessary. We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world, yet one in seven people are starving. So GE food is unnecessary, and fails to address the root of hunger. Ma

26、ny believe that the only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it. Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth

27、and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.27. According to the passage, traditional breeding is different from genetic engineering because_.A. traditional breeding changes the genes in the same k

28、ind of living thingsB. traditional breeding takes place within the same kind of living thingsC. traditional breeding is more scientificD. traditional breeding changes the genes in different kinds of living things28. According to Paragraph 5, GE food is unnecessary because _.A. customers will benefit

29、 from GE foodB. were now producing more food than beforeC. it wont help solve the problem of hunger in the worldD. there are obvious dangers in producing GE food29 What is the writers writing purpose?A. To introduce genetic engineerings positive contributions to agriculture.B. To welcome genetic eng

30、ineering and GE food.C. To discuss the differences between GE food and other food.D To tell people to keep GE food off before their influence on us is clear.DRound eyes, round head, round ears, round body! What is this lovely little animal? He looks like a bear. But he is not a bear. Hes a KOALA.Peo

31、ple in Australia love koalas and take care of them. They have set up places for them to live safely. No one can kill them for their pretty fur. When a koala is born, he has no fur. And he is not as big as your little toe！The mother koala has a pocket in the front of her body. The baby goes into this

32、 warm pocket. There he stays for six months.When the baby leaves the pocket, he has much fur. And he is about as big as your shoe. He climbs to his mothers back. He rides there while she teaches him how to find food. Mrs. Koala is a loving mother. She takes good care of her baby. But when he is bad,

33、 she beats him! The baby cries just as a small child does. If he keeps on crying, his mother beats him again. When he stops crying, she takes him in her arms. And then they both go to sleep for a while.The koala could not live without a special kind of tree. The tree gives him both his home and his

34、food. For most of the day, the koala sleeps in the tree.At night, the koala looks for food. He may go miles to find it. He likes only the bark (树皮) and the leaves of the tree. He eats nothing else. And he eats more than two pounds each night!Its a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush fi

35、res months ago in Australia. We should protect the environment and care more about wildlife, and then we will see the smiling faces of lovely koalas again,59. People in Australia_.A. set up places for koalas to live safelyB. put koalas in the treeC. raise baby koalas in their pocketsD. keep koalas i

36、n their homes60. Koalas cannot live without a special kind of tree because_.A. they have to keep cool under the treeB. they eat the fruit on the treeC. they live in the tree and get food from itD. they stay in the tree all the time61. Which of the following is True according to the passage?A. Koalas

37、 only live in Australia and we should protect them.B. Australians look after koalas at home and give them enough food.C. Thousands of koalas hid themselves safely in the bush fires months ago.D. There are no differences between our food and koalas food.EDoctor Seuss was born in 1904. By the middle 1

38、950s, he had become one of the best-loved and most successful children's book writers in the world. His books are very popular with young readers. They enjoy the invented words and the pictures of unusual funny animals and plants.In 1954, life magazine published a report about school children wh

39、o could not read. The report said many children's books were not interesting. Doctor Seuss strongly hoped to help children and decided to write books that were interesting and easy to read. He used words with the same ending sound, like fish and wish. He did not receive training in art. Yet, he

40、drew the pictures for most of his books.In 1957, Dr. Seuss wrote The Cat in the Hat. He used less than 230 words to write the book and even a six-year-old should be able to read it. It was a fun story and easy to read. Children loved it. Their parents loved it, too. Today it is still one of the stor

41、ies they like best. The success of The Cat in the Hat made him want to write more books for children. In 1960, he wrote a book using less than fifty words. The book is called Green Eggs and Ham.In 1984, Doctor Seuss won a Pulitzer Prize (普利策奖). He was honored for the education and enjoyment his book

42、s provided American children and their parents.He died at the age of 87, but his influence remains. Millions of his books have been sold worldwide. People say his books helped change the way American children learned to read. Yet, his books are loved by people of all ages. Doctor Seuss once said, &q

43、uot;I do not write for children. I write for people."65. Doctor Seuss learned from the magazine that _.A. some school children could not readB. many children's books were interestingC. children wanted to learn to readD. a writer for children was wanted66. Doctor Seuss_ to make his book inte

44、resting and easy to read.A. sold his books in large outdoor theme parksB. used words with the same ending sound and drew picturesC. sold his books with some free toys to the childrenD. used as many simple words and sentences as possible67. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. D

45、octor Seuss wrote books only for children in the United States.B Doctor Seuss wrote Green Eggs and Ham with more than 230 words.C. The Cat in the Hat was written only for six-year-old children.D. His books provided education and enjoyment for children and parents.68. From the text we know that Docto

46、r Seuss_.A. won a Pulitzer Prize soon after his deathB. sold millions of his books himself worldwideC. changed American children's way of readingD. wrote the largest number of books in the worldFHas anyone ever told you that eating carrots will help you see in the dark? This is just one of many

47、incorrect beliefs you may have heard. Below, TEENS has picked out scientific explanations for three mistakes that people make about their eyes. Let's take a look.Can eating carrots improve your eyesight?Carrots are rich in vitamin A, which helps the eyes to turn light into information for your b

48、rain. This allows people to see in darker places. However, eating more carrots won't help you see better. A certain minimum amount will help, but a large number of carrots will not give you superhuman vision.If your parents have bad eyesight, will you have bad eyesight, too?Myopia( 近 视 ) can be passed from parents to children. A study by the American Optometric Association found that if both parents are myopic, there's a 33 to 60 percent chance that their child will be. For children who have one parent with myopia, the chance is 23 to 40 percent, and it's do