考点30 阅读理解之议论文-备战2022年中考英语考点一遍过 （解析版）.doc

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1、考点30 阅读理解之议论文议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。二、解题方法：一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨 标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框

2、架一般都很清晰，多采用总分总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。 二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解 除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相

3、应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。 三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图 做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段

4、与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的潜台词。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。 四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧

5、由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。 总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自

6、主学习的能力。ACan Money Buy Happiness?Can money buy happiness? Different people have different opinions toward money. Some people think money is the source of happiness. In their opinion, everything in the world can be bought with money. However, others think that money is the root of all evils. For examp

7、le, some people fight against each other for money, some kill others for money. All these evils are under the control of money. In my opinion, money can bring us pain as well as happiness. Only when your money is made through your honest efforts, can you live a good life. If we use money to help the

8、 poor and homeless, we will enjoy the true happiness. Jaspreet Sethi, New Delhi, IndiaCan money buy happiness? It certainly doesnt make one sad. If it comes my way, Ill be happy.If I had money, Id buy a bigger car, a bigger house, a better education for my child, and a better holiday for my fam

9、ily.Adam Hassan, Abuja, NigeriaI think money can buy happiness. If you have to pay school fees, you need money. If you need a home for yourself, you need money. If you want to buy yourself something to eat, you need money. So if you dont have money to get these things, there wont be happiness.If I h

10、ad money, Id get myself a home, a very good car, and a wife. Arseny Yatsechko, Moscow, RussiaMoney can buy anything. If you have enough money, you can make yourself happy. Family can change, people can change, but money wont change.If I had money, Id probably spend it on a trip. Id go to Paris or Be

11、rlin. Im not so worried about the economy. Richard Wicks, London, United KingdomIve seen people with untold wealth. They never seemed happy to me. But what is happiness? You know, at the end of the day, as long as youve got your health and can get up, brush your teeth, get dressed in the morning, an

12、d talk to one another, youre the richest person in the world.Miguel Josue Molano, Bogotá, ColombiaYou can have lots of money, but if you dont have happiness in your heart, you wont be able to share it.If I suddenly found myself with lots of money, I would try to help people, because thats the w

13、ay to become happy. Id help people try to achieve a different type of happiness.1. According to the passage, how many people think money can buy happiness and how many dont think soA. Two; three B. Three; two C. Four, one D. One; four2. From Richard Wicks, we can know _. A. good health is the wealth

14、 B. money is the happinessC. money can buy everything D. whos the richest in the world3. If Miguel Josue Molano had much money, he would _. A. get a very good car and a home B. go to different countries for a visit C. help people achieve their happiness D. buy a much bigger house4. What does Adam Ha

15、ssan think of the money?A. Without money we cant have happiness. B. Only money can bring us happiness.C. Everything needs money.D. Money can make you healthy.5. Whats the authors attitude towards money?A. Money is the root of all evils.B. Money is the source of happiness.C. Money must be made by you

16、r honest efforts.D. Money can bring pain and happiness.【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文中首先阐述了作者的金钱和幸福观，然后列举了五个不同国家的人的对金钱和幸福的观点。1. 综合判断题。根据五个人所阐述的不同观点，可总结归纳得知答案。2. 主旨大意题。根据as long as youve got your health ., youre the richest person in the world.可知健康才是财富。3. 细节理解题。根据If I suddenly found myself with lots of money, . Id

17、help people try to achieve a different type of happiness可知答案。4. 主旨大意题。根据So if you dont have money to get these things, there wont be happiness可知没有钱就没有幸福。5. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中In my opinion, money can bring us pain as well as happiness可知作者的观点是金钱可带来痛苦也能带来幸福。BIs there a way to quickly recall information just

18、before taking an exam? Walking backward might be a good solution. Scientists from the University of Roehampton in the UK said this activity can help people improve their short-term memory.Researchers asked 114 volunteers to watch a video. After watching the video, volunteers were divided into three

19、groups.One group was told to walk 10 meters forward. The second group walked 10 meters backward. The third group stood in one place. All three groups were then asked 20 questions about what they saw in the video.The scientists found that the backward walking group got two more answers correct on ave

20、rage than the other two groups.This suggests that the relationship between the concepts of time and space is important considering how our minds form memories. “Time is really expressed via space,” Aleksandar Aksentijevic, who led the study, told the Daily Mail . When you walk backward, you see thin

21、gs from a different way compared to walking forward. This difference helps people recall things that happened in the past.And walking backward is not just good for our brains. It is also good for the rest of our body, Compared to walking forward , walking backward is more challenging. This can ameli

22、orate our energy in a short time and burns more calories.Besides, walking backward puts less stress on our knees. It could be helpful for people who often have pain in their knees, according to researchers from the University of Oregon in the US. Walking backward also keeps our spines strong, which

23、can help to reduce pain in the back. This might be why many old people like walking backward.(Word Bank:solution解决方法concept概念reduce减少)根据材料内容选择最佳答案16.What was the first group asked to do by the researchers?A. To stay in one place.B. To walk up and down.C. To walk 10 meters forward.D. To walk 10 meter

24、s backward.17. The test shows that walking backward_.A. is only good for our brainsB. puts less stress on our kneesC. uses more energy in a short timeD. improves our short-term memory18. The underlined word "ameliorate" has the closest meaning to "_".A. Harm B. improve C. control

25、 D. spread19. Why do old people like walking backward?A. Because it helps burn more caloriesB. Because it helps them recall their past.C. Because it helps them remember things.D. Because it helps reduce pain in their back.20. What does the text mainly talk about?A. Walking backward is good for us in

26、 several ways.B. Walking backward is a good way to keep healthy.C. Walking backward can help us do better in exam.D. Walking backward is becoming more and more popular16. C第二自然段第二行得出答案选C17. D第一自然段第三句话这种活动能提高他们的短期记忆。18. B联系上下文得出这是提高意思。19. D最后一段Walking backward also keeps our spines strong, which can

27、help to reduce pain in the back得出答案选D20. A这篇文章主要讲述倒走对保持健康有好处。CHave you tried to run or walk for exercise and then given up? If you answered yes, you should try a new kind of exercise: aquatic(水中的) exercise. Aquatic exercise is like exercise on land, but you do it in a swimming pool. More and more pe

28、ople are trying aquatic exercise.Aquatic exercise feels easier than exercising on land. Why? You weigh about 90% less in the pool. It is better for your knees than running or walking. Water is about 1, 000 times thicker and heavier than air. To move through the water, your body has to work four time

29、s as hard. As a result, you can burn more calories(卡路里).In fact, most people say they feel more relaxed in the water. They stop thinking about the things that make them worried. They feel in control of their bodies. The cool, quiet environment makes them feel good.But what if you are afraid of the w

30、ater? No problem! There is nothing to worry about. Aquatic exercise is safe and easy to learn. It doesnt require any special skills. You dont even need to know how to swim. Aquatic exercise is for everyone.13. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Difference between air and water.B. Weight change of o

31、nes body.C. The advantages of aquatic exercise.D. The ways to do aquatic exercise.14. What do most people think of aquatic exercise?A. Relaxing.B. Worrying.C. Challenging.D. Boring.15. According to the text, aquatic exercise is _.A. done in groupsB. fit for everyoneC. difficult to learnD. done with

32、special skills16. In which part of a magazine can we read the text?A. Culture.B. Health.C. Nature.D. Travel.【文章大意】跑步或走路来锻炼身体总是很容易半途而废，那么就来尝试一下水中运动吧，它就像陆地上的锻炼一样，只不过是在游泳池里。这种锻炼可以燃烧更多的卡路里，且不会伤害你的膝盖，还能让人们感觉很放松，因此受到了越来越多人的欢迎。13. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的文意可知，这一段介绍了水中运动比陆地运动更容易的原因，它不伤害你的膝盖，且能燃烧更多的卡路里。总而言之，这一段介绍的是

33、水中运动的优点，故C选项符合文意。14. A【解析】细节理解题。大多数人认为水中运动怎么样？A. Relaxing令人放松的。B. 是令人担心的；C.是有挑战性的；D.是无聊的。根据短文第三段中In fact, most people say they feel more relaxed in the water The cool, quiet environment makes them feel good.可知，大多数人都觉得在水里很放松，感觉很好。由此可知应选A。15. B【解析】细节理解题。根据短文最后一段Aquatic exercise is safe and easy to lea

34、rn. It doesnt require any special skills. You dont even need to know how to swim. Aquatic exercise is for everyone可知，水中运动非常安全、学起来也很容易，不需要什么特殊的技能，它适合每个人。由此可知应选B。16. B【解析】推理判断题。我们在杂志那个板块可以读到以上内容？A.是文化；C.是自然；D.是旅行。根据短文第一段If you answered yes, you should try a new kind of exercise: aquatic (水中的) exercise

35、. Aquatic exercise is like exercise on land, but you do it in a swimming pool. More and more people are trying aquatic exercise可知，短文介绍的是一种越来越受人们欢迎的新运动水中运动，这样的内容应该在杂志上的健康版块，故应先B。DMany people might think that if they had more money, then they would be happier in life. For example, people might look at

36、 what others have, like expensive clothes or nice cars, and wish they could have the same. But the things that money can buy can not bring happiness to a person for long._ But is that really true? Studies have found that money can, in fact, make people happier. _ Instead, its giving money to others

37、that makes people happy. _ It could be buying a present for a friend or a family member. _ It could he buying a homeless person food to eat. It could he giving money to a person in need. Just think about the last time you used your own money to do something for someone else. How did you feel? Whethe

38、r it is a small or large amount of money. People feel happier when they give. This is because making someone else happy makes the giver happy, too.This idea of connecting your happiness to the happiness of others is described as a ubuntu in an African language. There is even a story about a man visi

39、ting Africa who asked some kids to race to a nearby tree. The first child to touch the tree would get a sweet treat. Surprising, all the children held hands and ran together. They all touched the tree at the same time. The man asked why they had done this. The children simply said they could only en

40、joy eating the treat if everyone had one.33. The writer says that buying things _.A. can make people worriedB. can make people nervousC. may lead to sadness for longD. may lead to happiness for a short time34. Where can we best put "But its not having money that brings happiness." in Parag

41、raph 2?A. B. C. D. 35. Why does the writer quote(引用) a story in Paragraph 3?A. To explain Africans like sweets.B. To show examples are not enough-C. To make the writers opinion clearer.D. To express happiness is from children.36. What does the writer try to tell us?A. Buying new things can make peop

42、le happy.B. The key to happiness is making others happy.C. If you want to be happy, you can visit Africa.D. People who have a lot of money might not be happy.【文章大意】很多人都觉得如果他们有更多的钱，他们就会更快乐。是的，钱的确能使我们更快乐，但不是有钱能让我们快乐，而是给予别人钱能让我们快乐。人们在奉献的时候会更快乐，这是因为让别人快乐，同时也会使自己快乐。33. D【解析】细节理解题。根据短文第一段最后一句话But the thin

43、gs that money can buy can not bring happiness to a person for long可知，用钱买东西不能长时间给我们带来快乐。由此可知应选D。34. B【解析】推理判断题。题干中这句话But its not having money that brings happiness.意为：但是不是拥有钱带来快乐。根据上下文的逻辑关系可知，Studies have found that money can, in fact, make people happier. 提到：事实上，钱使人们更开心；后面又提到Instead, its giving mone

44、y to others that makes people happy是给别人钱使人们开心。故这句话应放在处，能使上下文意衔接，故选B。35. C【解析】推理判断题。这篇短文是议论文，讲述了真正让人们快乐的不是有钱，而是用钱来使别人快乐。第二段的最后提到 This is because making someone else happy makes the giver happy, too.让别人快乐也会让给予者快乐。为了使读者更好地理解这一点，作者讲了下面的故事。因此C选项使作者的观点更清楚是正确的。36. B【解析】主旨大意题。这是一篇议论文，作者先讲述了用钱买东西并不能长久地使人们快乐，

45、然后引出作者的观点This is because making someone else happy makes the giver happy, too.使别人快乐也会让给予者快乐。故B选项快乐的关键是使别人快乐，符合文章大意和主旨，故应选B。ESome people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true.Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If its hard for

46、 you to communicate with your parents, dont worry about it. Here is some advice for you to bridge the generation gap（消除代沟）.Dont argue（争辩）with your parents. Dont get to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you cant express（表达）

47、yourself well if you are angry. Go somewhere to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you dont think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter.Try to reach a compromise（和解）. Perhaps you and your parents disag

48、ree on something. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michaels mother didnt agree with him about buying a motorcycle. They argued over it. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.Of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially impo