园林树木学被子植物门7.ppt

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1、合瓣花亚纲合瓣花亚纲柿树科柿树科 Ebenaceae 6属，450种，主要分布于热带和亚热带地区，我国2属41种。The species are mostly evergreen and native to the tropics and subtropics,with a few deciduous species native to temperate regions.柿树科柿树科 Ebenaceae柿属 Diospyros Diospyros genus species are trees and shrubs,either deciduous or evergreen.The leav

2、es,which lack teeth,are usually borne alternately on opposite sides of the twig.The fruit is a large juicy berry with 1 to 10 seeds.Some members of the genus are valuable for their timber,particularly several species of ebony.落叶或常绿乔木或灌木，无顶芽；叶互生,花单性罕杂性，花为4-5基数，萼常4裂，绿色，花冠形成钟，白色浆果肉质，基部有肿大的宿萼。200种，分布热带至

3、暖温带，我国40种。柿树柿树 Diospyros kaki落叶乔木，树冠为自然半圆形，无顶芽，树皮暗灰色，裂成长方形小块片固着树上。叶椭圆形、阔椭圆形，表面暗绿色，有光泽，雌雄异株，或杂性同株。花四基数，黄白色，浆果卵圆形或扁球形，橙黄色或鲜黄色，花萼宿存。花期5-6月，果熟9-10月。原产我国，分布很广，长江流域，喜湿又耐旱.阳性树，喜光，根系为深根系，也很耐寒，亚热带果树中最耐寒树木.柿树寿命长，300年的老树仍可结果.对有毒气体能吸收.栽培历史有3000年之多。树形优美，叶大荫浓，广展如伞，夏日一片浓绿.秋叶变红，红橙色大果悬于绿荫丛中，饶有风趣.11月叶落，红果还挂在枝头，极为美观.还

4、可园林结合生产 观叶，观花，还可结合生产。君迁子君迁子(黑枣黑枣 软枣软枣 红蓝枣红蓝枣)Diospyros lotus落叶乔木，树皮灰色，花淡橙色或绿白色.果球形或圆卵形，径1.2-1.8cm，成熟蓝黑色.外披白粉，萼宿存，花期4-5月，果熟9-10月，性强健，喜光，耐半荫，耐寒及耐旱性比柿树强，很耐湿，寿命长，常做柿树嫁接砧木.雄雄雌雌木犀科木犀科 oleaceaeThis family species are shrubs,trees and occasionally vines.LeavesThe family is characterised by opposite leaves t

5、hat may be simple or compound(either pinnate or ternate),without stipuleThe leaves may be either deciduous or evergreen,with evergreen species predominating in warm temperate and tropical regions,and deciduous species predominating in colder regions.FlowerThe flowers are most often bisexual and acti

6、nomorphic(辐射对称的）,occurring in panicles,racemes or panicles,and often fragrant.The calyx which may or may not be present,and the corolla are synsepalous and four-lobed.The androecium has 2 stamens inserted in the perigynous zone and alternate with the lobes.The stigmas are two-lobed.The gynoecium con

7、sists of a compound pistil with two carpels.The ovary is superior with two locules,each of which bearing two axillary ovules.Sometimes the base of the ovary is circled by a.The plants are most often hermaphrodite but sometimes polygamomonoecious.FruitOleaceae fruit can be berries,drupes,capsules or

8、samaras.木犀科木犀科 oleaceae灌木和乔木；叶对生花两性，花萼4，花瓣全为4-6-（9）裂，雄蕊两枚果为核果、蒴果、浆果或翅果。本科不少种类为观赏树种，约29属600余种。中国12属200种左右。雪柳属雪柳属 Fontanesia共两种，中国1种雪柳雪柳F.fortunei形态特征：落叶灌木，树皮灰黄色，小枝细长，四棱形，叶披针形或卵状披针形，长3-12cm，端渐尖，叶柄短。花绿白色，翅果扁平，倒卵形，花期5-6月。雪柳属雪柳属 Fontanesia共两种，中国1种Fontanesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ol

9、eaceae,usually treated as comprising a single species Fontanesia philliraeoides,though some authors split this into two species.It is a deciduous shrub growing to 8 m tall.The leaves are opposite,lanceolate to narrow ovate,with an acute apex and a usually entire margin,sometimes finely serrated.The

10、flowers are white,with a deeply four-lobed corolla;they are produced in panicles 26 cm long.The fruit is a flat samara,surrounded by a wing（一）形态特征：落叶灌木，树皮灰黄色，小枝细长，四棱形，叶披针形或卵状披针形，长3-12cm，端渐尖，叶柄短。花绿白色，翅果扁平，倒卵形，花期5-6月。雪柳雪柳F.fortunei白蜡树属白蜡树属 FraxinusAll the genus Fraxinus species are.The ashes are usual

11、ly medium to large trees,mostly deciduous.The leaves are opposite(rarely in whorls of three),and mostly pinnately-compound.The seeds,popularly known as keys,are a type of fruit known as a samara.多为落叶乔木，奇数羽状复叶对生，小叶常具齿，花小，杂性或单性，雌雄异株，组成圆锥花序（花冠有时缺，存在时通常浅裂，裂片2-4）/翅果的翅在果顶伸长。约70种，主要分布在温带地区。中国20余种，各地有分布。白蜡树

12、白蜡树 F.chinensis 花序生于当年生枝顶及叶腋，叶后开放，小叶7枚，翅果倒披针形。温带树种，喜温暖湿润气候，耐寒性强，耐水湿，抗烟尘及有毒性气体，耐盐碱，树形端直，枝叶密，秋叶变黄非常漂亮，变色期1周。可做行道树，（北林前）植与湖边、河岸都好。秋叶、倒影。孤树也很好（陶然亭）白蜡白蜡 美国白蜡美国白蜡 右右洋白蜡洋白蜡(大叶白蜡、美国白蜡大叶白蜡、美国白蜡)F.Americana花序生于2年枝上，先叶开放，小叶7-9枚，叶痕上缘明显下凹，翅果长3-6cm，原产北美，我国引种面广。秋季变色期8天左右，从个别叶发黄到落完不到1个月，落叶期间5-6天落完。落叶整齐。作行道树好，扫叶容易。常

13、做行道树和庭荫树。水曲柳水曲柳 F.mandshurica花序生于2年生侧枝，先叶开放，小叶3-7枚，多无小叶柄，小叶基部密生黄褐色绒毛。分布东北、华北，耐寒性强，喜潮湿但不耐水涝。常做行道树、庭荫树，湖边河岸绿化。绒毛白蜡绒毛白蜡 F.velutina花序生于两年生侧枝，先叶开放，小叶3-7枚，常5枚，有小叶柄翅果较短，一般2-3cm。原产北美，引种后，天津种植最多。本种耐水涝，不择土壤，耐盐碱，抗污染强。天津盐碱土，许多不长。对沿海城市很适用。连翘属连翘属 ForsythiaThey are deciduous shrubs typically growing to a height of

14、 13 m.The leaves are opposite,usually simple but sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets;the margin is serrated or entire.The flowers are produced in the early spring before the leaves,bright yellow with a deeply four-lobed corolla,the petals joined only at the base.The fruit is a d

15、ry capsule,containing several winged seeds.连翘属连翘属 Forsythia落叶灌木，枝髓中空或成片状，叶对生，单叶少有羽状3出复叶，。花1-3朵生于叶腋，先叶开放，萼4浅裂，花冠黄色4裂。雄蕊2，蒴果卵圆形。共7种，中国4种，西北至东北和东部。连翘连翘Forsythia suspense 落叶灌木，干丛生，直立。枝开展拱形下垂，髓中空，单叶，有时为3子叶，对生。花先叶开放，花期45月。变种：变种：垂直连翘 枝的下垂通常可匍匐地面，而在枝梢生根，花冠裂片较宽。三叶连翘叶通常为3子叶或3裂，花冠裂片窄，常扭曲。金钟花金钟花Forsythia viridi

16、ssima小枝髓薄片状，单叶对生。中部以上有粗锯齿，花深黄色。习性，繁殖，应用同连翘。金钟连翘，杂交种，性状介于二者之间。枝具髓，叶三裂或四裂，花色不一。丁香属丁香属SyringaThey are deciduous shrubs or small trees.The leaves are opposite(occasionally in whorls of three)in arrangement,and their shape is simple and heart-shaped to broad lanceolate in most species,but pinnate in a fe

17、w species(e.g.S.protolaciniata,S.pinnatifolia).The flowers are produced in spring,each flower with a four-lobed corolla,the corolla tube narrow.The usual flower colour is a shade of purple(often a light purple or lilac),but white and pale pink are also found.The flowers grow in large panicles,and in

18、 several species have a strong fragrance.Flowering varies between mid spring to early summer,depending on the species.The fruit is a dry,brown capsule,splitting in two at maturity to release the two winged seeds 丁香属丁香属Syringa落叶灌木或小乔木，枝为假二叉分枝。叶对生或多单叶，全缘，稀羽状深裂（波斯丁香，裂叶丁香）。花两性，组成顶生或侧生圆锥花序，花冠漏斗状具深浅不等4裂片，

19、也有5（少数）。蒴果长圆形。约30种，分布于亚洲和欧洲。中国产20余种。西南至东北各地都有。紫丁香紫丁香Syringa oblata灌木或小乔木，叶广卵圆形，基部心形，全缘。圆锥花序长615cm，花冠黄紫色，花期4月。分布东北，华北，西南，朝鲜也有。变种：变种：变种：变种：（1）白丁香，花白色，叶较小。（2）紫萼丁香，花序轴，花萼紫兰色，叶先端狭尖。（3）佛手丁香，花白色，重瓣。欧洲丁香 红丁香欧洲丁香欧洲丁香紫丁香是我国北方很重要的很普遍的花木之一。孤植于庭院，机关，厂矿，居民区。散植于路旁，草坪中。还可用作花径，形成丁香路。也可和其他丁香种配植成专类园（东北多），形成美丽，芳香的景区。因其

20、他丁香花期能错开，暴马丁香较晚，色味浓白花。花色有兰紫，红，粉，白色等。流苏树属流苏树属Chionanthus共2种，中国有1种流苏树（茶叶树，乌金子）流苏树（茶叶树，乌金子）Chionanthus retusus It is a deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to 20 m in height,with thick,fissured bark.The leaves are 312 cm long and 26.5 cm broad,simple ovate to oblong-elliptic,with a hai

21、ry,0.52 cm long petiole.The flowers are white,produced in panicles 312 cm long.The fruit is a blue-black drupe 11.5 cm long and 0.61 cm diameter.1Fringetree is a deciduous.Common name refers to the slightly fragrant,spring-blooming flowers which feature airy,terminal,drooping clusters of fringe-like

22、,creamy white petals.Dioecious(separate male and female plants),but also may have perfect flowers on each plant.Male flowers are showier than female flowers.Fertilized perfect or female flowers give way to clusters of olive-like fruits which ripen to a dark,bluish black in late summer and are a food

23、 source for birds and wildlife.Wide,spear-shaped leaves(to 8 long)turn yellow in autumn.流苏树属流苏树属Chionanthus共2种，中国有1种流苏树（茶叶树，乌金子）流苏树（茶叶树，乌金子）Chionanthus retusus 叶灌木或乔木，树枝开展，小枝初生时有毛。叶椭圆形，卵圆形，卵状长圆形，倒卵形，全缘，花白色，花冠4深裂，几达基部，裂片线形，成松散复聚伞花序，生于有叶的侧枝先端，核果长1-1.5cm,花期4-5月,花期怕风,特别是干风。观赏特性与园林用途：本种花序大而美丽，清丽可爱，花密优美，花

24、形奇特，远看层层积雪非常美观，花期长可达20天左右，是优美的观赏树种，载植于安静休息区，或以常绿树衬托列植，都十分相宜。散植于草坪也很美。嫩叶代茶，香味不亚于“龙井”，故称“茶叶树”，推广树种。女贞属女贞属 LigustrumEvergreen,semi-evergreen or deciduousshrubs and small trees.The flowers are small and fragrant and borne in panicles.They have four curled-back petals and two high stamens with yellow or

25、red anthers(花粉囊),between which is the low pistil;the petals and stamens fall off after the flower is fertilized,leaving the pistil in the calyx tube.The fruits,borne in clusters,are small purple to black drupes.女贞女贞 Ligustrum lucidum常绿乔木，枝开展，叶草质，宽卵形至卵披针形，全缘，圆锥花序顶生，长10-20cm，花白色，基无柄，核果长圆形，熟时蓝黑色，花期6月。原

26、产于我国和日本，山西南部，河南南部，山东南部及甘肃南部有栽培。常绿阔叶 大叶黄杨 黄杨科较耐寒，在北京可种植。女贞在北京需保护、生长不良。喜光，稍耐阴，喜温湿润气候，不耐寒，适生于微酸性至微碱性土壤，耐修剪，抗SO2对Cl2有一定抗性，抗氟化氢，还能吸收铅蒸汽。江南多用绿篱，行道树，或载植于草坪边缘或建筑背面，角隅等处，对多种有毒气体有抗性，工矿区绿化。水蜡树水蜡树 Ligustrum obtusifolum小叶女贞小叶女贞 L.quihoui 小蜡小蜡 L.sinense 这三种都是落叶或半常绿灌木,叶大小相差不大，树形园整，都耐修剪，抗污染性强，适合城市环境，不易区别。小蜡 小叶女贞 水蜡

27、树高 2-7m 2-3m 2-3m叶形 叶下部宽 叶上部宽 中部宽花序 4-10cm 7-21cm 2.5-3cm花冠与裂片 裂片筒长 裂片=筒长 裂片筒长花梗 有 无 有木犀属木犀属 OsmanthusThey range in size from shrubs to small trees,2-12 m tall.The leaves are opposite,evergreen,and simple,with an entire,serrated or coarsely toothed margin.The flowers are produced in spring,summer or

28、 autumn,each flower being about 1 cm long,white,with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla(petals).The flowers grow in small panicles,and in several species have a strong fragrance.The fruit is a small(10-15 mm),hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed.木犀属木犀属 Osmanthus桂花桂花桂花桂花 Os

29、manthus fragrans Osmanthus fragrans 常绿灌木及小乔木，高可达12m，芽叠生，叶长椭圆形，全缘或上部有细齿，花簇生叶腋或聚伞状，花小，黄白色，浓香，核果椭圆形，紫黑色，花期9到12月。变种变种变种变种 丹桂：花橘红色或橙黄色 金桂：花黄色至深黄色 银桂：花近白色 四季桂：花白色或黄色，花期5-9月，可连续开花数次 刺桂刺桂桂花树干端直，树冠圆整，四季常青，花期正值中秋，香飘数里，是我国传统名花，在庭院前对植两株，叫“两桂当庭”是传统的配植手法，还可将桂花在道路两边，假山，草坪院落地栽培，还可在花坛中心孤植一株，也有大面积种植，形成桂花山，桂花岭，秋末浓香四溢，

30、香飘十里。同时又结合生产，与秋色野树和配植，平潮秋月，柿红枫，鸡爪槭，紫叶李，乌臼，桂花，色香都得到反映，是点缀秋色的好材料。茉莉属茉莉属 Jasminum落叶、常绿灌木；奇数羽状复叶或单叶；对生、稀互生；全缘；花冠高脚碟状，4-9裂，雄蕊2，生花冠筒内，浆果。茉莉茉莉 Jasminum sambac It is an evergreen vine or shrub.The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three,simple(not pinnate,like most other jasmines),ovate,4-12.5 cm long and

31、 2-7.5 cm broad.The flowers are produced in clusters of 3-12 together,strongly scented,with a white corolla 2-3 cm diameter with 5-9 lobes.The flowers open at night,and close in the morning.The fruit is a purple-black berry 1 cm in diameter.常绿灌木，单叶对生，薄纸质，花聚伞形花序，通常三朵，花冠白色，浓香，常见有重瓣类型，花后不结实，花期5-11月，以7-

32、8月盛开。北方都是盆载，还容易产生叶子发黄，开花不好，主要是土壤水是碱性，在南方作下木，花篱，或芳香园，还可作花篮，花圈装饰用，襟花佩带。迎春花迎春花 Jasminum mudiflorum 落叶灌木（暖地常绿），枝细长拱形，绿色四棱，叶3小叶，对生，花单生，先叶开放，花冠黄色，裂片6，约为花冠筒长度的二分之一，通常不结果。花期2-4月（迎春和连翘不易区分）分布我国北部，西北，西南各地。喜光，耐荫，较耐寒，北京可种（杨凌有野生），喜湿润，耐干旱，对土壤要求不严，枝着地也生根。栽培迎春很少结果，繁殖多用扦插，压条，分株法，很易成活。迎春，植株铺散，枝条鲜绿，不论强光，背阴处都能生长，早春黄花便开

33、，对我国冬季漫长的北方来说，装点冬景有很大意义。各庭院，园林都引载。南方引与腊梅，山茶，水仙同植一处，构成新春佳景。与银芽柳，山桃同植，早极喜光，在石山品中与黄馨，南天竹，梅花搭配，繁花竞露，美不胜收。还可做盆景，切花插瓶。云南黄馨探春（迎夏）探春（迎夏）探春（迎夏）探春（迎夏）Jasminum floridumJasminum floridum花黄色，花期5-6月，花冠裂片5，和迎春很像茄科茄科 SolanaceaeFlowers are typically conical or funnelform with five petals,usually fused.The leaves are

34、 alternate,often with a hairy or clammy surface.Solanaceous plants produce a fruit that is either a berry,as in the case of the tomato or wolfberry,or a dehiscent capsule.The stamens are usually present in multiples of four.The ovaries are inferior.The hypogynus gynoecium is a located obliquely in r

35、elation to the median.约80属3000种，广泛分布于世界温带及热带地区，美洲热带种类最为丰实，中国24属，105种，35变种。枸杞属枸杞属 LyciumThey are long-lived,perennial,thorny shrubs,with deciduous alternate,simple leaves.The flowers are solitary or in small clusters,with a corolla of five purple,white or greenish-white petals joined together at thei

36、r bases.The fruit is fleshy,multiseeded berry that may be red,yellow,orange,purple or black.These fruit resemble nightshade and bittersweet berries.In some species called wolfberries or longevity fruit(notably L.barbarum and L.chinense),the fruit is edible.落叶或常绿灌木，通常有棘刺，单叶互生或蔟生，全缘，具柄或近于无柄，花有梗，单生于叶腋或

37、蔟生于短枝上，花萼钟状，3-5裂，花后不甚肿大，宿存，花冠漏斗状，多5裂，雄蕊5，子房2室，浆果，长圆形，约100种，分布于温带，中国7种3变种，主要分布西北或北部。枸杞枸杞 Lycium chinense多分枝灌木，枝细长，常弯曲下垂，具针状棘，花淡紫色，浆果红色，卵状，花果期6-11月。枸杞花紫色，花期长，入秋后红果累累，缀满枝头。状若珊瑚，很是美观。是庭院秋季观果灌木，可在池畔，河岸，山坡，径旁，悬崖石隙以及林下，井边载植，还可用作老株做树桩盆景。果实，根皮可入药，嫩叶可做蔬菜用。宁夏枸杞宁夏枸杞 Lycium barbarum产中国北部，西北部，繁殖应用和枸杞一样。玄参科玄参科 Sor

38、ophlariaceae绝大部分为草本泡桐属泡桐属泡桐属泡桐属 PaulowniaPaulownia They are deciduous trees 1025 m tall,with large leaves 1540 cm across,arranged in opposite pairs on the stem.The flowers are produced in early spring on panicles 1030 cm long,with a tubular purple corolla resembling a foxglove flower.The fruit is a

39、dry capsule,containing thousands of minute seeds.绝大部分为草本泡桐属泡桐属泡桐属泡桐属 PaulowniaPaulownia 落叶乔木，枝条粗壮，髓心大，顶芽枯萎或变成花序。叶单叶对生或有时轮生，叶形大，具长柄，全缘，或3-5裂，叶脉掌状叶脉，星状毛，腺毛，分枝毛。花为两性花，花冠不整齐，圆锥花序，花萼宿存，钟状或盘状，5裂，花冠二唇形，白色，紫色或有紫色花纹或斑点。雄蕊4，2长2短；子房二室，柱头二裂。果实为蒴果，卵形或椭圆形，种子多数，种子两侧具窄翅，果皮木质或较薄。分布：8种，大部分原产于我国，西北5-6种。毛泡桐毛泡桐毛泡桐毛泡桐 Pa

40、ulownia tomentosa Paulownia tomentosa 叶下面有分枝毛，花序大型圆锥花序，紫色花，耐盐碱。白桦泡桐白桦泡桐白桦泡桐白桦泡桐 P.fortuneiP.fortunei花白色,果大,圆锥花序,喜光,耐寒性差。楸叶桐楸叶桐楸叶桐楸叶桐 P.catlpifoliaP.catlpifolia圆锥花序，果小，叶先端长，耐干旱瘠薄，耐寒。兰考泡桐兰考泡桐兰考泡桐兰考泡桐 P.elongataP.elongata叶卵形,顶端钝,圆锥花序,喜温暖气候,疏松肥沃土壤.紫葳科紫葳科 Bignoniaceae100属800种，主要产区热带。木本有5种。楸树属(梓树属)Catalpa

41、 Catalpas grow to 10-25 m tall,and can be recognized by their large heart-shaped to three-lobed leaves,showy white or yellow flowers in broad panicles,and in the autumn by their 20-50 cm long fruits which resemble a slender bean pod,containing numerous small flat seeds,each seed having two thin wing

42、s to aid wind dispersal.Because of the leaves,they are sometimes confused for Tung trees in the south U.S.100属800种，主要产区热带。木本有5种。楸树属(梓树属)Catalpa 落叶乔木，枝条粗壮，枝条无顶芽，芽鳞数个。单叶轮生或对生，叶全缘或缺裂，3-5掌状脉，叶下面脉腋处，有腺斑，叶柔毛。花两性，不整齐，大，圆锥或总状花序，顶生，花萼2-3，基部合生，木质脱落，花冠合生，顶端5裂，内部有黄色条纹，紫班，雄蕊2个。果蒴果，很长很长的圆柱形，55cm，蒜苔状果实，2裂，种子两端具白色长

43、毛。梓树梓树梓树梓树 Catalpa ovataCatalpa ovata 花淡黄色，径长约20cm，叶卵圆形，叶通常3-5浅裂，蒴果20-30cm，筷状，花期晚5-6月。楸树楸树楸树楸树 CatalpabungeCatalpabunge花浅粉色，2cm以上，叶三角状倒卵形，叶不裂，偶有裂。黄金树黄金树黄金树黄金树Catalpa speciosa Catalpa speciosa 花白色，叶长达30cm，偶有1-2浅裂，圆锥花序。蒴果粗如手指。黄金树黄金树炮仗藤属炮仗藤属 Pyrostegia约5种，产南美，中国引入1种炮仗藤 P.ignea常绿乔木，径粗直，有棱复叶有小叶3枚，顶端小叶成线形

44、花为圆锥状具伞花序，下垂，花萼钟状，端5齿裂，花冠橙红色，筒状，端5裂，稍呈二唇形，雄蕊4，2枚伸出筒处，2枚花筒中，花期初春，原产巴西，不耐寒，在南方露地栽培常植于建筑物旁或棚架上，遮荫，观赏，花红色，很茂密，累累成一串，状如炮仗，花期长，北方盆栽。凌霄花属凌霄花属 CampsisEvergreen climbing shrub,fast growing,up to 24 m;compound leaves with 2 or 3 ovate acuminate Leaflets；leaflet often a tendril.凌霄花凌霄花 Campsis落叶藤本，借全根攀缘奇数羽状复叶，小

45、叶有齿，对生顶生聚伞花序，圆锥花序，花鲜红色，或橘红色，雄蕊4，2短2长蒴果长，种子多数，具齿 有两种，一种在北美，一种在中国和日本。凌霄凌霄 Campsis graneliflora复叶7-9，叶两面无毛，叶缘疏生齿7-8齿，花萼裂深，花萼绿色，花大，5-7cm，原产于中国，日本。美国凌霄美国凌霄 Campsis radicans小叶9-13枚，叶背柔毛多，叶缘4-5齿，花小4 cm，花萼棕红色，质地厚，裂得较浅1/3，无纵棱，蒴果先端尖。实验九实验九1.区别下列相近属或种 君迁子与柿树 迎春花与连翘 连翘与金钟花 紫藤与凌霄 梓树与楸树 泡桐属与楸树属2.列检索表区别下列各属 白蜡属、雪柳属、连翘属、丁香树、茉莉属、木犀属