石油英语词汇(中英文对照).doc

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1、Generation of Oil and GasTechnical terms:tectonic forces构造作用力are those originating beneath the surface that alter the surface configuration of the earth as a result of tectonic (lithospheric) plate movement.organic material有机质is matter that has come from a once-living organismhydrocarbons烃类an organi

2、c compound containing only carbon and hydrogenoverlying rocks上覆岩层 the rocks that covering the reservoirpools of tar焦油池Is where the petroleum eventually reached the surface and be collected inseeps油苗places where oil has reachedshows 显示places where oil has reachedimpermeable layer of rock不透水岩层the laye

3、r of rock that cant be passed by liquids.source bed生油层the original stratigraphic horizon from which petroleum is derived.shale页岩a dark fine-grained laminated sedimentary rock formed by compression of successive layers of clay-rich sedimentorganic compounds有机化合物any compound of carbon and another elem

4、ent or a radicalreservoir bed储集层the stratigraphic horizon in which the petroleum is collected.anticline背斜a fold with strata sloping downward on both sides from a common crest.salt plug盐柱the salt core of a salt domefault断层a fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislod

5、ging of the earths crust, in which adjacent surfaces are displaced relative to one another and parallel to the plane of fracturetrap圈闭a device for sealing a passage against the escape of gases, especially a U-shaped or S-shaped bend in a drainpipe that prevents the return flow of sewer gas by means

6、of a water barrierstructural traps 构造圈闭the traps that hold oil and gas because the earth has been bent and deformed in some way.Stratigraphic traps 地层圈闭the traps which are depositional in nature. This means they are formed in place, usually by a sandstone ending up enclosed in shale. The shale keeps

7、 the oil and gas from escaping the trap. marl泥灰岩a loose and crumbling earthy deposit consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite; used as a fertilizer for soils deficient in limefault traps断层圈闭the traps that hold oil and gas because a faultfault gouge断层泥fine-grained material in the faultfault plane 断层面

8、The surface along which the break or shear of a fault occurssalt dome 盐丘An anticlinal fold with a columnar salt plug at its coresedimentary beds 沉积层the stratigraphic horizon in which the settings liedfossil coral reefs古珊瑚礁a reef consisting of the fossil of coral consolidated into limestonepore space

9、孔隙the pores in a rock or soil considered collectivelysandstone reservoirs砂岩储层a reservoir lying in the sandstone layer.fractures 裂隙A crack or fault in a rockwedge out尖灭A wedge-shaped accumulation of sand with the apex downward formed by the filling in of winter contraction cracks.2. Porosity and Perm

10、eabilityTechnical terms:permeability 渗透率permeability is the ability of the formation to conduct fluids.porosity孔隙度 is defined as the ratio of the void space in a rock to the bulk volume of that rock multiplied by 100 to express in percent.bulk volume总体积the total volumeoriginal porosity原生孔隙度the inbor

11、n and natural porosity of the rockintergranular porosity粒间空隙度the porosity occurring between the grainsintercrystalline porosity 晶间孔隙度The porosity occurring between the ribsoolitic porosity 鲕状孔隙度induced porosity次生孔隙度The porosity produced by induction.That is, affected by external causes.coring 取心The

12、use of a core barrel (hollow length of tubing) to take samples from the underground formation during the drilling operationcementing胶结A chemically precipitated substance that binds particles of clastic rockstotal porosity总孔隙度is the ratio of the total void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the

13、rockeffective porosity有效孔隙度is the ratio of the interconnected void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the rock, each expressed in per cent.in-place testing现场测量an in-site measurement occurring at the same time the sample is checkedsingle-phase fluid saturation单相流体饱和one of the phases reach the sa

14、turation state in the rock.interstitial water间隙水Subsurface water contained in pore spaces between the grains of rock and sedimentseffective permeability有效渗透率is introduced to describe the simultaneous flow of more than one fluidfluid phase液体相a chemically and physically uniform quantity of fluid that

15、can be separated from a nonhomogeneous mixtureflow network流体网络a flow network is a directed graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge receives a flow.The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge.capillary properties毛管性质Capillary property, is the ability of a liquid to

16、 flow against gravity where liquid spontaneously rises in a narrow space such as a thin tube, or in porous materials such as paper or in some non-porous materials such as liquified carbon fibre. This effect can cause liquids to flow against the force of gravity or the magnetic field induction. It oc

17、curs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces.gas cap气顶the rock pores in the upper zone that have been filled mainly by gas.aquifer含水层an underground bed or layer of permeable rock, sediment, or soil that yields wateroil accumulation石油凝集面an accumu

18、lation of petroleum locally confined by subsurface geologic features. Also known as oil reservoirsaturation饱和度a condition in which a quantity no longer responds to some external influenceviscosity粘度resistance of a liquid to sheer forces (and hence to flow)connate water原生水water entrapped in the inter

19、stices of igneous rocks when the rocks were formed.electric log surveys电测井方法In 1928, the Schlumberger brothers in France developed the workhorse of all formation evaluation tools, the electric log and it had become an important methord in modern petroleum engineering.附（原文）：1. Generation of Oil and G

20、asPetroleum is a result of the deposition of plant or animal matter in areas which are slowly subsiding. These areas are usually in the sea or along its margins in coastal lagoons or marshes, occasionally in lakes or inland swamps. Sediments are deposited along with the organic matter and the rate o

21、f deposition of the sediments must be sufficiently rapid that at least part of the organic matter is preserved by burial before being destroyed by decay. As time goes on and the area continues to sink slowly (because of the weight of sediments deposited or because of regional tectonic forces构造作用力, t

22、he organic material有机质 is buried deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemical changes result in the generation of petroleum, a complex, highly variable mixture of hydrocarbons烃类, including both liquids and gases (part of the gas being in solution because of t

23、he high pressure). Ultimately the subsidence will stop and may even reverse.As the great weight of the overlying rocks上覆岩层 and sediments pushed downward, the petroleum was forced out of its birthplace. It began to migrate. Seeping through cracks and fissures, oozing through minute connections betwee

24、n the rock grains, petroleum began a journey upward. Indeed, some of it eventually reached the surface where it collected in large pools of tar焦油池. Places where oil has reached the surface are called seeps油苗 or shows显示. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface. Instead, its upward migration

25、 was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layer of rock.不透水岩层 It lay trapped圈闭 far beneath the surface. The oil and gas tend to rise and will eventually reach the surface of the earth and be dissipated unless they encounter a barrier which stops the upward migration. Such a barrier produces a tra

26、p.Four prerequisites先决条件 are necessary for oil (and gas) to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1) The oil originates in a source bed生油层, and a marine shale页岩, once a black mud黑泥 rich in organic compounds有机化合物, is thought to be a common source rock. (2) The oil then migrates to a permea

27、ble reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3) A nonpermeable layer不可渗透层 must occur above a reservoir bed储集层. Since oil is lighter

28、than water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution多变的 within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost r

29、egion of such a trap. (4) A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil, and anticlines背斜, salt plugs盐柱, and faults断层 are common examples. Types of TrapsA trap（圈闭） is the place where oil and gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleum traps into two basic typ

30、es: structural traps（构造圈闭） and stratigraphic traps（地层圈闭）. Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 per cent of the known petroleum reserves occur in structural traps.An anticline, the simplest and commonest f

31、orm of petroleum accumulation, is an upward fold in the layers of rock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rock must be sealed above by an impermeable cover bed which is fine-grained（细密的）, relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale,(页岩） marl（泥灰岩）, or salt. Petroleu

32、m migrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape is prevented by an overlying bed of impermeable rock. Fault traps（断层圈闭） are also common. Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed above by a fine-grained, relatively impermeable bed. But the real trap is pr

33、ovided by the fault, which prevents further updip migration(上升运移） either by the fine-grained material in the fault itself (the so-called “fault gouge（断层泥）” that results from the movement on the fault plane(断层面）) or by the brining of a fine-grained relatively impermeable bed on the other side of the

34、fault to the position that truncates the reservoir. A salt dome(盐丘） formed when a mass of salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying sediments（上覆沉积）. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds(沉积层） and seals off disrupted beds(断裂岩层） and so provides traps over and ar

35、ound the sides of the dome.The trapping mechanism（圈闭机理） of stratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. In these, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rock sealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration of these to fo

36、rm a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and nature of the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms of stratigraphic trap are fossil coral reefs（古珊瑚礁） such as those of western Canada and Libya. In these, the voids in the reef or reeflike reservoir contain the petroleum which is pr

37、evented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which the reef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces(孔隙） in sandstone reservoirs（砂岩储层), but more solution cavities（溶洞） and fractures(裂隙）. Production rates（产油率） tend to be much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resi

38、stance（摩擦阻力） to fluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication through the reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells. Stratigraphic traps tend to be more difficult to locate and may form where tilted reservoir beds are overlain unconformably by impervious layers or wh

39、ere the reservoir beds become thinner up-dip and wedge out（尖灭） within enclosing impervious beds. Thus oil that was once distributed in sparse amounts throughout a very large volume of rock may now be richly concentrated within the uppermost portions of favorable reservoir rocks. Perhaps the commones

40、t form of stratigraphic trap is the wedging or pinching out of a sand. Discontinuous sands（不连续沉积的砂岩）, such as those that formed part of an old river system (“shoe-string” sands（鞋带状砂岩）) are enveloped in fine-grained sediment and may form a trap.2. Porosity and PermeabilityA petroleum reservoir consis

41、ts of a suitably shaped porous stratum（多孔层） of rock which is capped with an impervious rock. The nature of the reservoir rock is extremely important as the oil is stored in the small spaces or pores which separate the individual rock grains. Sandstones and limestones are generally porous, and in the

42、 main these are the most common types of reservoir rocks. Porous rocks may sometimes also contain fractures or fissures, which will add to the oil-storing capacity of the reservoir. Petroleum collects in the pores or cavities intermingled with the remaining water which was buried with the sediments.

43、 When a significant fraction of the pores is interconnected so that fluids can pass through the rock, the rock is permeable. Permeability(渗透性） permits the gas, oil and water to separate partially because of their different densities. Porosity孔隙度 is defined as the ratio of the void space in a rock to

44、 the bulk volume总体积 of that rock multiplied by 100 to express in percent. Porosity may be classified according to the mode of origins (1) original and (2) induced. Original porosity原生孔隙度 is typified by the intergranular porosity粒间空隙度 of sandstones and the intercrystalline and oolitic porosity晶间和鲕状孔隙

45、度 of some limestones. Induced porosity次生孔隙度 is typified by fracture development as found in some shales and limestones and by the vugs or solution cavities commonly found in limestones. Rocks having original porosity are more uniform in their characteristics than those rocks in which a large part of

46、 the porosity is induced. For direct quantitative measurement of porosity, reliance must be placed on formation samples岩样 obtained by coring取心.In dealing with reservoir rocks储集层岩石, it is necessary, because the cementing materials胶结物 may seal off a part of the pore volume, to define total porosity总孔隙

47、度 and effective porosity有效孔隙度. Total porosity is the ratio of the total void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the rock；effective porosity is the ratio of the interconnected void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the rock, each expressed in per cent. From the reservoir-engineering油藏工程 st

48、andpoint, effective porosity is the quantitative value定量值 desired, as this represents the space which is occupied by mobile fluids可流动流体. For intergranular materials晶粒间物质, poorly to moderately well cemented, the total porosity is approximately equal to the effective porosity. For more highly cemented

49、 materials胶结物质, significant difference in total porosity and effective porosity values may occur.Permeability is the ability of the formation to conduct fluids （formation fluid conductance capacity）. The measurement of permeability, then, is a measure of the fluid conductivity流体传递能力 of the particular material. It ca