论文引用及参考文献写作方法精选文档.ppt
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1、论文引用及参考文献写作方法本讲稿第一页,共二十九页n nCitation can be done through n ndirect quotation n nor by paraphrasingn nor summarizing Citing Sources本讲稿第二页,共二十九页n nverbs for citations n nReporting something the author did n nobserve,discover,notice,demonstrate,find,report,describe,determine,discern,show,assess,study,a
2、nalyze,calculate,examine,investigate,identify,prove,establish,conclude,develop,conduct,make本讲稿第三页,共二十九页n nReporting something the author stated WEAKER STRONGERn ncomment affirm n ndescribe emphasizen ndiscuss stressn nindicate maintain n nnote stipulaten nremark explain,concluden nwrite clarify,iden
3、tify 本讲稿第四页,共二十九页n nReporting the authorReporting the authors s opinion opinion n nWEAKER STRONGERn naccept argue accept argue believe assert believe assert n nview,see claimview,see claimn nquestion contend n nquery denyquery denyn nthink,recommendthink,recommendn nsuggest reject suggest reject n n
4、propose advocaten nsuspect maintain suspect maintain n nspeculate speculate conclude conclude consider consider本讲稿第五页,共二十九页n nYou should consult a dictionary A good one is the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary,which is also available online at http:/dictionary.cambridge.org n nMany of the verbs
5、 in the table are used with the conjunction that e.g.n nMahoney(1998,pp.1012)established that this reaction is in fact n nWhen Smith and Sampson(1989,p.98)contended that this position was untenable,they were本讲稿第六页,共二十九页Some of the verbs cannot be used with that:describe,assess,study,analyze,examine,
6、investigate,discuss,clarify,question,query and reject e.g.Martin and Baker(1980)Martin and Baker(1980)examined examined the issue from a the issue from a different perspective.different perspective.view is used with the conjunction asas,placed after the subject of the sentence e.g.Hui(2001,p.49)Hui(
7、2001,p.49)views this explanation as as too simplistic.too simplistic.She maintains thatShe maintains that 本讲稿第七页,共二十九页It is also common for the verb to be used passively n nDominguez(2002,pp.76-79)Dominguez(2002,pp.76-79)suggested suggested three possible three possible interpretations of these resu
8、lts.interpretations of these results.n nThree possible interpretations of these results Three possible interpretations of these results have been suggested(Dominguez,2002,pp.76-79).(Dominguez,2002,pp.76-79).n nIt It has been claimed has been claimed(O(O Shea,1997,p.45)thatShea,1997,p.45)thatn nIt It
9、 has been shown has been shown that this is not the case(Akabi,that this is not the case(Akabi,1979,pp.310-319).1979,pp.310-319).本讲稿第八页,共二十九页n nThe practice ofThe practice ofhas been questioned has been questioned(Chopra,(Chopra,1990,p.92)because of its1990,p.92)because of its n nThese findings Thes
10、e findings have been extensively analysed have been extensively analysed(e.g.by Stamford,2001a,2001b;Ma,2002)and(e.g.by Stamford,2001a,2001b;Ma,2002)and interpretations vary frominterpretations vary from n nThe passive from is often used when citing several authors to back up a single point.本讲稿第九页,共
11、二十九页n nThree major Patterns of Tensen n1.past _ researcher activity as agentn nJones(1987)investigated the causes of illiteracy.n nThe causes of illiteracy were investigated by Jones(1987).本讲稿第十页,共二十九页n n2.Present Perfect_ researcher activity not as agentn nThe causes of illiteracy have been widely
12、investigated(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).n nThere have been several investigations into the causes of illiteracy(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).n nSeveral researchers have studied the causes of illiteracy(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).本讲稿第十一页,共二十九页n n3.Present_ no reference to resear
13、cher activityn nThe causes of illiteracy are complex(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).n nIlliteracy appears to have a complex set of causes(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).本讲稿第十二页,共二十九页n nNote these common uses of these patterns:n nPattern 1:reference to single studies _ pastn nPattern 2:refere
14、nce to areas of inquiry _ present perfectn nPattern 3:reference to state of current knowledge _ present (John,M.2001.Academic Writing for Graduate Students.John,M.2001.Academic Writing for Graduate Students.Michigan:Michigan University Press)Michigan:Michigan University Press)本讲稿第十三页,共二十九页n n参考文献参考文
15、献参考文献参考文献n n在学位论文后一般应列出参考文献,其目的有:在学位论文后一般应列出参考文献,其目的有:在学位论文后一般应列出参考文献,其目的有:在学位论文后一般应列出参考文献,其目的有:为了能反映出真实的科学依据;为了能反映出真实的科学依据;为了能反映出真实的科学依据;为了能反映出真实的科学依据;为了体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或为了体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或为了体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或为了体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或成果还是别人的观点或成果;成果还是别人的观点或成果;成果还是别人的观点或成果;成果还是别人的观点或成果;为了对前人的科学成果表示
16、尊重,同时也是为了指为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指明引用资料出处,便于检索。明引用资料出处,便于检索。明引用资料出处,便于检索。明引用资料出处,便于检索。n n撰写学位论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,撰写学位论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,撰写学位论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,撰写学位论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,但一般只列出最重要和最关键的文献资料。但一般只列出最重要和最关键的文献资料。但一般只列出最重要和最关键的文献资料。但一般只列出最重要和最关键的文献资料。n n参考文献著录
17、要规范:参考文献著录要规范:参考文献著录要规范:参考文献著录要规范:GB7714GB771420052005文后文后文后文后参考文献著录规则参考文献著录规则参考文献著录规则参考文献著录规则 。本讲稿第十四页,共二十九页n n1 1、参考文献著录项目参考文献著录项目n n a.a.主要责任者。多个责任者之间以主要责任者。多个责任者之间以“,”分分隔隔 n n b.b.文献题名;文献题名;n n c.c.文献类型及载体类型标识;文献类型及载体类型标识;n n d.d.其他责任者(译者);其他责任者(译者);n n e e版本(初版省略);版本(初版省略);n n f.f.出版项(出版地、出版者、出
18、版年);出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年);n n g.g.文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址;n n h.文献起止页码;文献起止页码;n n i.文献标准编号文献标准编号(ISBN(ISBN,ISSNISSN,)。本讲稿第十五页,共二十九页n n2 2、文献重复引用标记、文献重复引用标记n n同一作者的同一作者的同一文献被多次引用同一文献被多次引用时,在文后参考文献时,在文后参考文献表中表中只出现一次只出现一次,其中不注页码;在正文中标注首,其中不注页码;在正文中标注首次引用的文献序号;并在序号的角标外著录引文页次引用的文献序号;并在序号的角标外著录引文页码。码。n n3 3、参考文献与注释的区别
19、、参考文献与注释的区别n n参考文献参考文献是作者写作论著时所引用的已公开发表的文献是作者写作论著时所引用的已公开发表的文献书目,或有明确收藏地点的善本、档案,一般集中列表书目,或有明确收藏地点的善本、档案,一般集中列表于于文末文末;注释注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明,以及未公开发表的私人通信、步解释或补充说明,以及未公开发表的私人通信、内部资料、书稿和仅有中介文献信息的内部资料、书稿和仅有中介文献信息的“转引自转引自”等类文献的引用著录,一般排印在该页等类文献的引用著录,一般排印在该页地脚地脚。n n参考文献序号用方括号标注(如参考文献序
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