银杏的研究进展_魏学立.docx
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1、 综 述与 讲 座 银杏的研究进展 魏学立,曲玮,梁敬钰(中国药科大学天然药物化学教研室南京 210009) 摘要:银杏的化学成分类型多样,具有多方面的生物活性;其中的萜内酯和黄酮类成分对中枢神经系统和心脑血管有显著的保护作用且安全性 好,已获公认,具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了银杏的化学成分及其药理作用方面的研究进展,以期对该植物的深入研发和综合利用提供参 考。 关键词:银杏 ;化学成分;药理作用 中图分类号 :R287.71 文献标识码 :A 文章编号: 1006-3765 (2013) 4)24)001 08 Progresses of Ginkgo biloba L. WEI Xue4
2、i,QU Wei,LIANG Jing-yu(Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry,China Pharmaceutical U- niversity,Nanjing 210009, China) ABSTRACT : Ginkgo biloba L. has various chemical constituents and wide range of biological activities. In particular, its unique terpene lactones and flavonoids have significant
3、protective effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous system. Because of its safetythe promising future of G. bilobaapplication has been acknowledged by the international medical community. In this paper, we summarized the progresses on chemical constituents and biological activities of G. bi
4、loba to give a reference for its further research and comprehensive utilization. KEY WORDS: biloba L. ; Chemical constituents ; Biological activities 银杏 L 为银杏壳 ( Ginkgoaceae)银杏属植 物,属于一科一属一种植物,是侏罗纪 ( Jurassic eras)和白里 纪 ( Cretaceous eras)的子遗植物,为少数基本保持了 2 亿年前 的生态特征并得以幸存下来的植物之一,故被称为 “ 活化 石 ” 。银杏树的生命力特强
5、,极少有病虫害,具有较强的抗细 菌、抗真菌、抗病毒和抗虫害能力,银杏的叶、种子、根及根皮 均可入药。银杏叶味甘、苦、涩、性平、有毒,具有活血养心、敛 肺涩肠之功效 ;银杏根味甘、性温,主要具有益气 补虚的作用; 银杏果(白果 ) 在我国古来即作为药用,其主要作用为温肺益 气,定咳嗽,利小便,止白浊,降痰消浊,杀虫和解酒,味甘、苦、 涩、性平、有毒 (1 2)。目前各国学者己从银杏中发现多种具有 神经保护,抗肿瘤,抗病毒,抗菌抗炎活性的化学成分,同时银 杏内酯、白果内酯的化学、药理、临床应用研宄也逐步深 入 (3)。本文以国内外发表的文献为依据对银杏的化学成分 和药理作用进行了较为全面的概述。
6、作者简介 :魏学立,男 ( 1986. 8 -)。中国药科大学天然药物化学专业 2010 级硕士研宄生。联系电话 :15251776967 通讯作者 :梁敬链。 Enail: jyliang08 126. com 基金项目:江苏省普通高校研宄生科研创新计划资助项目 ( CXLX11_ 0809) 1 化学成分 银杏的化学成分类型多样,涉及黄酮类、萜类、酚类、聚异 戊烯醇类等。由于银杏叶资源丰富可再生,故目前对叶的研 宄居多,而其他部位则研宄甚少,为了银杏资源的综合利用, 本文将分别从叶,外种皮和根三部位对银杏中的各种成分进 行介绍。 1.1 黄酮类成分 1.1.1 银杏叶中黄酮类成分 :银杏叶
7、中黄酮类化合物主要为 黄酮、二氢黄酮、双黄酮、黄烷醇及其苷类。 1.1. 1.1黄酮及其苷类成分 :银杏叶中的黄酮类化合物主要 是槲皮素、山柰酚、异鼠李素、木犀草素及以这 4 个黄酮为苷 元的单、双、叁糖的苷,包括桂皮酰黄酮苷。其中大多数是槲 皮素、山柰酚及其苷类化合物、结构式(见表 1、图 1)。 图 1 从银杏叶中分离得到的黄酮 (醇 )及其苦类化合物的结构式 表 1 从银杏叶中分离得到的黄酮(醇)及其苷类化合物 compounds molecular formula MW Structure Refs 山柰酚 及其苷 山柰酿 ( kaempferol) Ci5H10 6 286 Rt =
8、R2 = O H , R 3 =R4 =H 4 kaempferol-3 -Ohamnoside C2I H2 1 432 =0- l h a , R 2 = O H , R 3 =R4 =H 5 kaempferol-3-0-(6-0 ( a-L-rhamnosyl) -(5-Dlu cosyl C27H30O16 594 RJ = 0-(6-0-( a- 4 l h a ) , R 2 = O H,R 3=R4 =H 65 kaempferol-3 ( 6w-p-coumaroyllu cosyl-|3-l, 4 , rhamnoside) C36 H36 17 740 RJ = coum
9、aroyllc R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = H kaempferol-3-(2wlucosyl) rha nmoside C27H30O15 594 R! = Olc-ha, R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = H kaempferol-3- 2w-6w-( p-( T-glu cosyl ) -eou- maroyl) lucosyl rhamnoside C42 H46 22 902 Ri = 0-3-(2,-6w-(p7wGlc-eoumaroyl) lc) rha, R2 =OH, R3 =R4 =H ( 6 , 3 3 ) kaempferol-3-Olucosyl (1
10、 -2) rha mnoside C27H30O15 594 = O-glc-rha, R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = H kaempferol-3 -O-ahamnosyl ( 1 -2 ) -a-rhamnosyl- (1-6) -(ilucoside C33 H40 19 740 Ri = 3 寸 ha 叶 haglc, R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = H kaempferol-3-0-a-L-(6w-p-eoumaroyl-( (3D) lu- copyranosyl-( 1 2 ) -rhamnopyranoside ) -7-0-(33- glucopyrano-sid
11、e C42 H46 22 902 Ri = 0-a-(6w)-coumaroyl-( (54) lc-( 1, 2)叶 ha, R2 = 0p4)glc, R3 = R4 = H 7 kaempferol-3 -0 rhamnoside C2I H2 I 432 Rt = 0 h a , R 2 = O H , R 3 =R4 =H 5 kaempferol-3-O-a-L-(6w-p-eoumaroyl ( (3-D) lu copyranosyl-( 1,2) -rhamnopyranoside) 36 H36 i7 740 = 0-a4,-(6w)-coumaroyl-( (34) -g
12、lc-( 1, 2)叶 ha,R2 =OH, R3 =R4 =H 7 kaempferol-3-O-(2-o,6-O-Bis (a-Lhamnosyl) -3- Dlucosyl) C33 H40 2 740 Ri = 0- 20, 60 七 is (ot 丄 -rha) p4)lc, R2 = OH R3 = R4 = H 8 kaempferol-3-0-(2-0- 6-0-( p-( (3Dlucosyl) oxy-trans-cinnamoyl) -(34)lucosyl a-L-rhamnosyl) C42 H48 22 904 RJ = 0-(2-0-6-0-(p-( oxy-tr
13、ans- cinnamoyl) -(34)lc a-L: ha J, R2 = OH, R3 =R4 = H kaempferol-3-0-( (5-Dlucosyl) 。 21 H20 i2 448 Rj = 0-( (34)lc) R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = H kaempferol-3-0- 2-0-(6-0-( p-hydroxy-trans-cin- namoyl) -(iDlucosyl) -a-L-rhamnosyl C36 H37 i7 741 Rj = O 2-0-( 6-0-( p-hydroxy-trans-cin- namoyl) -|34)lc) -a-Lh
14、a , R2 = OH, R3 = R4 =H kaempferol-3-0-a-L- ( (331ucopyranosyl ( 1 -2 ) rhamnopyranoside C27H30O15 594 = 0-a-L-(34)lc (1-2) rha R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = H 9 槲皮素 及其苷 rutin (芦丁 ) C27 H30 016 610 Rj = glc-rha R2 = R3 = OH, R4 = H (12) quercetin (槲皮素) C i 5 H 10 7 302 R j = R 2 = R 3 = O H R 4 = H 66 querceti
15、n-3 lucoside quercetin-3-(2wlucosyl) rhamnoside 21 H2 12 C27 H30 016 464 310 = glc, R2 = R3 = OH, R4 = H Rj = 0-3-(2wlc) -rha, R2 = R3 = OH, R4 = H 6 quercetin-3 ( 2w-6w-p-coumaroyl) lucosyl ) rh- amnosyl-7 lucoside C42 H46 23 918 Rj = 3-( 2w-6w)-coumaroyl-Glc)-rha-71c, R2 = R3 = OH R4 = H quercetin
16、-3-0-a ( 6w-p-coumaroyl) lucosyl4)4 , 4-rhamnoside C36 Hi8 36 756 Rj = 3-(6w-p-coumaroyl) , 4-rha R2 = R3 = OH, R4 = H 6 quercetin-3-0-a-L-( 6w-p-coumaroyl ( (33 ) lu- copyranosyl-( 1 2) -rhamnopyranoside) 匸 36 只 36 18 756 Ri = 0aU6w卞 coumaroyl-( (34)飞 lc-( 1, 2) rha,R2 = R3 = OH, R4 = H 7 quercetin
17、-3-0-a-L-( 6w-p-coumaroyl ( (33 ) lu- copyranosyl-( 1, 2) -rhamnopyranoside -7-0p3- glucopyranoside C42 H46 23 918 = 0-a 丄 - 6W卞 -coumaroyl-( (3 七) $lc- (1, 2) rha, R2 = 飞 lc, R3 = OH, R4 = H quercetin-3-0-(3 Dlucopyranosyl-( 1 ) -a-L-rh- amnopyranoside C27H30O16 610 = 0-pDlc-( 1-2) -a-L:ha, R2 = R3
18、 = OH, R4 =H quercetin-3 -O-putinoside C27 H30 016 610 R2 = R3 = OH R4 = H quercetin-3-0 2-0 6-0 ( p4iydroxy-trands-cin namoyl) -(iDlucosyl) -a-L-rhamnosyl -7-0-( (3- Dlucosyl) C42 H46 23 918 Rj = 0 2-0 (6-0-( p-hydroxy-trands-cin- namoyl) 七飞lc丄寸 ha, R2 = 0-(卩 4)- glc), R3 = OH, R4 = H compounds mol
19、ecular formula MW Structure Refs quercetin-3-0-(2-0, 6-03is ( a-L-rhamnosyl) -p Dlucosyl) C33 H40 20 756 Ri = 0- 20, 604is (ot 丄寸 ha)卞 4)飞 lc, R2 = R3 = H R4 = H quercetin-3-0-(2-0 6-0 (p (331ucosyl) oxy trans-cinnamoyl) -pDlucosyl -a-L-rhamnosyl) C42 H48 23 920 Rj = 0-(2-0-6-o (p-(p4)lc) oxy-trans-
20、 cinnamoyl)-3-Dlc -a-L-rha) , R2 = R3 = OH,R4 =H 8 quercetin-3 -0-( a-L-rhamnosyl) 21 W2n 448 I : RJ = O-(a-Lha) R2 = R3 = OH, R4 = H quercetin-3-0- 2-0 ( 6-0 ( p-hydroxy-trans-cin namoyl) -(331ucosyl) -a-L-rhamnosyl C36H38 i8 758 Rj = 0 2-0- 6-0-( p-hydroxy-trans-cin- namoyl) 飞 lc 寸 ha, R2 = R3 = 0
21、H, R4 = H 异鼠李素 及其苷 isorhamnetin (异鼠李素) 。 16 只 12 7 316 Rj = R2 = 0H R3 = 0CH3 R4 = H 66 isorhamnetin-3-0-a-L-( 6w-p-coumaroyl ( (33 ) glucopyranosyl-( 1 2) -rhamnopyranoside) 3738 18 770 Ri = 0aU6w卞 coumaroyl-( (34)飞 lc-( 1, 2) rha, R2 = 0H, R3 = 0CH3, R4 = H 7 isorhamnetin-3-0 (2-0,6-0-Bis (a-L-rha
22、mnosyl) (34)lucosyl) C34 H42 20 770 Ri = 0- 20, 604)is (otha) 飞 lc, R2 = OH, R3 = OCH3, R4 = H isorhamnetin-3-0-( 6-0-( a-L-rhamnosyl ) -(33- glucosyl *283216 624 Rj = 0-(6-0-( a-Lha)-(3Dlc , R2 = OH, R3 = 0CH3, R4 = H 8 isorhamnetin-3-0-( p31ucosyl) C24H30O1 626 Rj = 0-( (34)lc) R2 = OH, R3 = 0CH3,
23、 R4 =H 木犀草素 及其苷 lutedin (木犀草素) 15I 6 286 R j = R4 = H R2 = R3 = H lutedin; 七 lucosyl) 匸 24 丑 2 11 448 Rj = R4 = H, R2 = OH, R3 = 0-( (331c) 芹菜素 及其苷 apigenin (斧菜素 ) 15i2 5 272 =R3 =R4 = H , R 2 = OH apigenin-0-( (3-Dlucosyl) C21H22 1 434 =R3 =R4 = H , R 2 =o(-D-gc) 8 杨梅素 及其苷 myricetin (杨梅素) 。 15 只 10
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