BEC中级写作必备学习.doc

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1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的

2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot

3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作

4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical

5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改

6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。随着中国人学习英语风潮的持续升温，拥有日常英语交流能力已经变得不足为奇，未来在就业市场上走俏的将是职业英语，即能够用英语交流工作中的问题，比如和外国同事讨论公司的市场营销策略或者代表公司和外国公司接洽等。但是目前绝大多数学生和职场新人对于商业英语非常

7、陌生。笔者认为，备考剑桥商务英语证书(Business English Certificate，简称BEC)是有志跻身于商业职场的人士熟悉商业场景、学习商业英语的最佳方法。BEC考试的显著特点就是把商业实际和英语运用结合起来，分成初、中、高三级(BEC Preliminary, BEC Vantage, BEC Higher)，其中BEC中级最符合广大考生的求职需求。BEC中级考试分成听、说、读、写四项考查，各占总成绩1/4，其中写作部分与听、说、读相比，因其考查形式固定，内容要求有限，因而最易得高分。写作部分包含两个部分：Part One, 备忘录或电子邮件(Memo or Email)，占

8、写作成绩的1/3；Part Two, 商务信件、报告或提议(Letter, Report or Proposal)，占写作成绩的2/3。两部分相比，Part One要求简单，较之Part Two更容易提高，本文以剑桥BEC真题集(中级) 第二辑的Test Two, Part One为例，详细分析Part One的写作流程，并在最后给出BEC写作的复习资料。 样 题You are the Managing Director of a company whose profits have recently increased and you would like to reward staff f

9、or this.Write a memo to all staff:Thanking them for their contributionExplaining why profits increasedTelling them what their reward will be.Write 4050 words题目解读 BEC中级写作考试总时长为45分钟，根据词数要求和分值，通常小作文写作不超过15分钟。应试创作可分成以下三步：1审题构思Read & Plan (3 mins)；2写作Write (10 mins)；3检查Check (2 mins)。Part One的题目背景通常是一事、两

10、人、三要点。本题中，最近公司利润增长，“你”作为公司的董事总经理(Managing Director)将对全体员工(all staff)进行奖励，备忘录的内容需包括三个要点：感谢员工的贡献，解释利润增长原因，并告之奖励内容。正文词数要求为4050个词，因为商务英语要求简洁，词数要求有上限，这和四、六级以及考研写作只规定词数下限有所区别，但实际考试时允许少量超标，比如接近60词。 内容、结构、语言和形式 内容首先可根据各要点的逻辑关系调整写作顺序，比如在本题中，先解释利润增长的原因，再感谢员工，最后宣布奖励。其次应针对要点简要展开论述，比如利润增长的原因可能是销售量增加(the increase

11、 of sales)、成本降低(the reduction of cost)或推出新产品(the launch of the new product)；而奖励的内容经常是集体旅行(a company trip)、涨工资(an increase of salary)或发放奖金(bonus)。要点扩展应注意两点：其一，商务交流要求具体，比如利润的增长比去年同时段增加10%；其二，扩展内容应符合商务实际，如全体员工工资上浮50%、增加带薪假期(paid leave)、开派对(a party)或唱卡拉OK(Karaoke)等奖励都是不符合商务实际的。如果确实对商务实务不熟悉，可用简单的理由以避免出错，

12、比如公司业绩增长的原因可以宽泛地写成是员工的努力工作和加班(hard work and long working hours)。结构因为文章内容很少，总词数只有50个词左右，写作时应写成一个整体，不应出现每句一段的散文诗文章，而且不要刻意使用first和second之类的过渡词语。语言Part One题目中的要点通常以三个现在分词形式给出，写作时通常是三句话，即针对每个现在分词写一句话，平均句长在15个词左右。备考时应针对题目中常见的分词动词准备相应的表达方式，尽量避免重复使用题目中的词句即可。比如，解释原因：连词：because, since, for, so；短语：because of,

13、due to, owing to表示感谢：Thank you very much for.; I would like to thank you for.; I am very grateful for.; It was very kind of you to .奖励：A rise in salary of X%; A bonus of X% of your monthly salary; A trip to Hawaii/Athens/Maldives需要注意的是，商务英语要求正式文体，较之非正式文体，其有以下常见特点： 正式 非正式Headquarters, September (不简写)

14、 H.Q. Sept. (缩写)schedule, discuss (精确动词) set, talk about (宽泛动词或词组)A copy has been sent. (被动语态) I sent you a copy. (主动语态) 形式 最后需要考虑的就是备忘录的形式。正式考试时，文字题目下方会模拟商务实际，附上备忘录开头片段，包括To, From, Date, Subject等细节，但是考生不必直接在片段后书写，应该在试题纸背面写作，写作时不要求必须有From, To等内容，但若能准确而符合商务习惯地写出备忘录细节，无疑会增加文章的印象分，这里简单介绍一下备忘录细节的注意事项。To

15、: 备忘录对象如果具体到人，最好写出全名，不要写自己的真实姓名，有作弊嫌疑，尤其不能“重名”，如Bill Tom，Bill和Tom都是名(Given name)，而不是姓(Family name)，一个简单的处理方法就是use others?name，比如男名Bill Gates, Michael Scofield, Jay Chou或女名 From: 备忘录作者要点同上，一般不用尊称，只有对方不知道自己身份的时候才后缀职位名称。Date: 日期BEC属于英联邦国家的考试，日期的写法一般为日、月、年，比如7 December 2002，注意月份用英文而不是数字，以免和日期混淆，可以缩写，比如将

16、一月写作Jan(也可以用开放标点)。Britney Spears, Jennifer Aniston等；若显示关系亲密，还可以把名字缩写，比如B. Gates, M. Scofield, J. Chou, B. Spears, J. Aniston等；如果写给上级，还应该加上尊称甚至职位，比如Mr. Bill Gates Managing Director, Mr. Jay Chou Art Director等；现代商务写作中流行开放标点(Open Punctuation)，即标点不影响理解的时候可以不用，所以Mr./Ms./Mrs.后面的省略点也可以省去，简单写成Mr/Ms/Mrs；最好不要

17、省去名字。 范文示例To: All StaffFrom: Bill GatesDate: 7 December 2002Subject: Staff RewardThe profits of our company this month went up 10% compared with the same period last year, due to your hard work and long working hours. I would like to thank you for your long devoted service. A trip to Hawaii has been

18、 arranged next month as a prize. Enjoy! 用书推荐剑桥标准商务英语教程(Cambridge Business Benchmark)剑桥大学出版社出版，新东方独家引进。剑桥BEC真题集(中级) 第二辑，剑桥大学考试委员会编Cambridge BEC Vantage 2 (Student Book with Answers)剑桥BEC真题集(中级) 第三辑，剑桥大学考试委员会编Cambridge BEC Vantage 3 (Student Book with Answers)新编剑桥商务英语(中级) 学生用书，经济科学出版社出版Pass Cambridge

19、BEC Vantage (Student Book)输入决定输出，阅读决定写作，复习BEC写作时，首先应系统学习新编剑桥商务英语，补充商务常识和商务词汇，此书分为10个双单元，共涉及 20个商务场景，每个场景中最易于自学的就是阅读部分，同学们可以先朗读文章，熟悉商务背景，然后学习每个双单元后自学部分总结的词汇和特定语法现象，为写作积累素材，最后做每个双单元后面配备的和考试技能相关的各种练习。而写作复习的冲刺阶段，则要围绕剑桥BEC真题集(中级) ，进行真题训练。仅从语言难度上讲，BEC写作和六级写作接近，只不过是写作内容从一般话题变成了商业内容。既然学英语是为了未来的职业做准备，考完四、六级之

20、后，通过备考BEC考试，完成自己英语水平从一般英语到职场英语的转变，何乐而不为呢？ BEC商务写作资料(1)：商业信函的写法 商务英语考试 第一章 格式问题1. 格式问题：请同学们在BEC的写作中采用平头式的写法。收信人的姓名和地址置于信纸的左上方地址、称呼和结束礼词后没有标点符号日期在右上方段落从定格开始，段落之间的行距为两行（但在考试中由于受答题卡限制，请酌情考虑）写信人的名字和头衔在签名下方2. 称呼和结束礼词的注意事项：称呼的写法遵循下列原则：Dear Sir or Madam 写信给某一公司，不确定具体的收信人Dear Sir 对男士，但是你不知道他的具体姓名Dear Madam 对

21、女士，但是你不知道他的具体姓名Dear Mr Smith 对男士Dear Ms Smith 对已婚或未婚的女士Dear Mrs Smith 对已婚女士Dear Miss Smith 对未婚女士Dear John (此处John 为英语中常用男名) 对朋友或你比较熟悉的人（通常为多年生意伙伴）称呼与结束礼词存在对应的关系，请特别注意：Dear Sir or Madam Yours faithfullyDear Mr/Ms/Mrs/Miss Smith Yours sincerelyDear John Best wishes以下均为错误用法：Dear Mr John Dear Mr John Sm

22、ith3. 日期：在英国英语中，天在前，但是在美国英语中，月份在前。所以某些特别的时期容易引起误解。例如：12 06 2003在英国指的是：6月21日在美国指的是：12月6日因此日期要写成：12 June 2003 注释：在BEC考试中12 06 2003 的用法仍然是可以使用的，因为BEC为英版考试。要记住月份使用大些字母开头。天后不必写th、rd、nd或者st。预备参加bec考试的同学们由于缺乏商务写作的实际经验，对于写作部分都比较郁闷。现在结合历年考试实际，为大家准备了15类共计50个经典的实战句型，供大家在考场上使用。我们对每一个句型都模拟了一种环境：1. 信件的开头：We are w

23、riting to enquire aboutWe are writing in connection withWe are interested in and we would like to know环境：You want to know the prices of some air conditioners.We are interested in your air conditioner and we would like to know the prices of some air conditioners.You saw an advertisement in the newspa

24、per yesterday and you want further information.We are writing in connection with the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday.You want to know if the company you are writing to organizes holidays to Africa.We are writing to inquire about the holidays to Africa that your company organizes.2. 回信的开头：Th

25、ank you for your letter of (date)We have received your letter of (date) asking if enquiring about enclosing concerning 环境：A company wrote to you on 23 July. They wanted to know if you sell photocopiers.Thank you for your letter of 23 July, asking if we sell photocopiers.A man wrote to you on 18 Dece

26、mber. He wanted employment with your company. He also sent his curriculum vitae.We have received your letter of 18 December, enclosing your curriculum vitae.A company sent you a fax on 3 June. They wanted to know if you were going to the marketing conference in London.Thank you for your fax of 3 Jun

27、e, asking if I was going to the marketing conference in London. A woman telephoned you this morning. She wanted to know if her order No. 599 had arrived. Thank you for your telephone call this morning concerning the order No. 599.3. 信件的结尾：一般结尾：I look forward to receiving your reply/order/products/ec

28、t.Looking forward to hearing from you.如果你在信件中提供了信息：I hope that this information will help you.Please contact me if you need any further information.Please feel free to contact me if you have any further questions.Please let me know if you need any further information.4. 引入主题：With reference to Furthe

29、r to With regard to I am writing in connection with 注：引入主题的句子可以被写在信件的开头，但with regard to 不能用于信件的开头。环境：(How would you start a letter about each of the following?)an invoice (No. 679) for a photocopierWith reference to Invoice No. 679, we regret to tell you that the product arrived in bad condition. a

30、meeting you had with the addressee on Jan. 16thFurther to the meeting on 16 January, I am delighted to tell you that we are now able to give you a special offer for our Peach Series computer.an advertisement in the times newspaperI am writing in connection with the advertisement in the times newspap

31、er yesterday.an application for a post as secretary in your companyI am writing in connection with your application for a post as secretary in our company.a fax order for six computers that you received todaywith reference to your fax order for six computer, I regret to tell you that they are out of

32、 stock at present.5. 告知好、坏消息：好消息：I am pleased/delighted/happy to tell/inform/advise you that 坏消息：I regret/am sorry to tell/inform/advise you that We regret that 环境：（complete these sentences using phrases for referring and giving good or bad news.）a. _ your order for some cupboards, _ we have had to

33、increase the price.b. _ your application for a post as secretary, _ that we would like you to start work as soon as possible. c. _ your application for a post as secretary, _ that you were not successful.d. _ our telephone conversation this morning, _ that your car is now ready for you to collect. 6

34、. 说明你所能做的和不能做的：We are unable to We are able to We have been forced to 环境：You cannot lower your prices.We regret that we are unable to reduce out prices.You have had to raise your prices because the government has increased the sales tax.We have been forced to raise our prices because the government

35、has increased the sales tax.However, you can give them a discount of 5% if their order is for more than $8,000.We are able to give you a discount of 5% if your order is more than $8,000.With regard to their second question, you cannot accept payment in Egyptian pounds but you can accept US dollars o

36、r Euros. We are sorry that we are unable to accept payments in Egyptian pounds but we are able to accept US dollars or Euros.7. 说明原因：This is owing to /due to /a result of /because of 注：owing to 通常用于不好的消息。如果想在原因中使用动词，请加上the fact that的从句。环境：increase prices - fall of the dollarWe have been force to inc

37、rease our prices. This is owing to the fall of the dollar.Delay the delivery of the goods - strike by airline pilotsWe have been forced to delay the delivery of the goods. This is owing to the strike by airline pilots.Increase all salaries by 10% - rise in salesWe are able to increase all salaries b

38、y 10%. This is the result of a big rise in sales.Cut all salaries by 10% - fall in salesWe have been forced to cut all salaries by 10%. This is due to the fact that there has been a fall in sales in the past ten months.Cannot deliver your new order - we have not received your payment fro the last or

39、derWe regret that we are unable to deliver your new order immediately. This is owing to the fact that we have not received your payment for the last order.Cancel the meeting - a lot of staff have been illWe have been forced to cancel the meeting. This is because some members of our staff have been i

40、ll.BEC商务写作资料(4)：商业信函中的抱歉及提醒等 商务英语考试 2008/4/7 9. 抱歉：We must apologize for We apologize for We are extremely sorry for 注：以上句型后请使用动词ing形式。以上句型中的for可以换成that，然后用从句表达。一般来说，解释产生问题的原因，然后在信的结尾处再次表达歉意。再次抱歉：Please accept our apologies once again.We hope that this has not caused you any inconvenience.With apolo

41、gies once again.10. 要求提供信息：Please could youWe would be grateful if you couldWe would appreciate it if you could give us further details about .inform us (about/if) let us know ( about/if ) We would like to know ( about/if ) 注：如果需要特别重要的信息，可以在以上句型前使用：in particular。环境：You wrote a letter to someone and

42、they havent replied. You want to know if they received the letter. We would be grateful if you could let us know if the letter has reached you.A businessman is going to your country. He wants you to get a visa for him. You need all the details about his passport (his nationality, date of birth, wher

43、e his passport was issued, and when it expires).Please could you give details about your passport. I would like to know your nationality, date of birth, where your passport was issued and when it expires.You want to know about the same businessmans flight (flight number, date and time of arrival).In

44、 particular, I would like to know your flight number, date and time of arrival.11. 轻度抱怨：Unfortunately, + 表 示 something is wrong 的 句 子环境：A company has sent you a bill for the wrong goods.Unfortunately you sent us a bill for the wrong goods. Please could you send us a correct bill as soon as possible.

45、Your new photocopier has broken down. You have to write to the company who sold it to you.Unfortunately our new photocopier has broken down. Please could you send a repairman to fix it for us as soon as possible.Two temporary secretaries do not speak English. You have to write to the agency who sent

46、 them to you.Unfortunately two temporary secretaries you recommended to us do not speak English. We would be grateful if you could recommend two more who could speak English.You keep receiving letters for someone else. You have to write to the post office.Unfortunately I keep receiving letters for someone else. Please could you make the address clear before you deliver letters every day.12. 提醒某人对某事的注意：I should like to draw your attention to (the fact that)I should like to point out that 如果你提醒的事情对方已经知道（你想表达你的生气）：I should like to remind you that