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1、心理学专业英语基础第1页，本讲稿共112页CONTENTSuCHAPTER ONE WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGYuCHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODSuCHAPTER THREE CONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGYuCHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYuCHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYuCHAPTER SIX ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGYu CHAPTER SEVEN SKILLS OF READINGuCHAPTER EIGHT SKILLS OF WRITING Abstract

2、 WritingWriting in Social SciencesWriting in Natural Sciences第2页，本讲稿共112页READINGSl心理学专业英语基础l心理学教育学专业英语l改变心理学的40项研究（中文版，英文版）第3页，本讲稿共112页RESOURCESl英语字典（牛津，朗文）l现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇lhttp:/第4页，本讲稿共112页Chapter 1What is psychology?第5页，本讲稿共112页What is psychology?1.1.DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS2.2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLO

3、GYTHE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYpWHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROMWHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROMpWHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTEDWHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTEDpHOWHOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPDEVELOP第6页，本讲稿共112页What is psychology?1.DEFINITIONS:The word Psychology is derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,m

4、eaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.Psychology,therefore,literally means study of the mind.However,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991)suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes第7页，本讲稿共112页What is psychology?DEFINITIONS:The word Psycholo

5、gy is derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,meaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.derive:派生roots:词根mind:心灵；精神soul:灵魂；心灵；精神心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是对研究。第8页，本讲稿共112页Psychology,therefore,literally means study of the mind.therefore:因此literally:根据字面意思因此，从字面上来讲，心理的

6、意思就是对于心灵(意识)的研究。第9页，本讲稿共112页However,a more recent definition by Atkinsonet al(1991)suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processessuggest:认为，建议，提议然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。第10页，本讲稿共112页Just giving this simple definition,how

7、ever,is a bit misleading,since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一

8、致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。subject:主题，科目misleading:误导的，令人误解的，引入歧途第11页，本讲稿共112页What is psychology？2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY标题内容标题内容WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSPhilosophy:哲学Biology:生物学Physics:物理学心理学的来源？心理学是从三个主要的研

9、究领域发展而来的：哲学、生物学、物理学。第12页，本讲稿共112页Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more rencent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:1 Emp

10、iricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable,such as behaviour.2 Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.PHILOSOPHY第13页，本讲稿共112页PHILOSOPHYMany of the problems which psychology has investigated

11、 were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.investigate:调查，研究，探讨outline:概述，提出的纲要心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出（概要）的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle等。such as:像，诸如，例如用于举例第14页，本讲稿共112页PHILOSOPHYTwo more recent philosophical influen

12、ces on the development of psychology as a science were:1 Empiricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable,such as behaviour.2 Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.当今对于心理学作为科学的发展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是

13、：1经验主义认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比如说行为。2实证主义认为科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。argue:认为，提出观点，辩论第15页，本讲稿共112页TIPS：empiricism:the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience.positivism：a kind of PHILOSOPHY that is based only on real facts which can be scientifically proved,rather than on ideas.第16页，本讲稿共112页Biol

14、ogy has two important influences:1 Evolution-Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.2 Physiology-the discoveries,mostly by

15、the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain,nervous,and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.BIOLOGY第17页，本讲稿共112页1 Evolution-Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed fro

16、m his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.suggestion:建议，意见，观点进化论Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来的，在基因领域的发现，对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。implication:含义，影响，（可引申为意义）Evolution:进化论BIOLOGY第18页，本讲稿共112页2 Physiology-the discoveries,mostly by the m

17、edical profession,of the structure and function of the brain,nervous,and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.physiology:生理学medical profession:医疗职业生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的贡献。endocrine system:内分泌系统significantly:重大地，客观地BIOLOGY第19页，本讲稿共11

18、2页lA subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology,who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.lPhysicist,such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics)in the nineteenth century,w

19、ith some success.PHYSICS第20页，本讲稿共112页A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology,who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.由于这一学科的巨大成功，在心理学领域的许多科学家借鉴其科学方法和原则，将其作为理想模型。PHYSICS第21页，本讲稿共112页Physicist,such as Fechner started ap

20、plying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics)in the nineteenth century,with some success.物理学家，比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。psychophysics:心理物理学PHYSICS第22页，本讲稿共112页WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM?Psychology developed f

21、rom three main areas of study:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSWHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED?第23页，本讲稿共112页WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzi

22、g.第24页，本讲稿共112页Wundt is,therefore,regarded as the“founding father”of psychology,although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book(which took 12 years to write)entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began t

23、eaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？第25页，本讲稿共112页The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology l

24、aboratory in Leipzig.discipline:学科Leipzig:莱比锡1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学实验室。WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？第26页，本讲稿共112页Wundt is,therefore,regarded as the“founding father”of psychology,although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1

25、890 book(which took 12 years to write)entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.因此，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年

26、写成的心理学原理，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外，James在1875年就开始在Harvard University教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？第27页，本讲稿共112页lStructuralismlFunctionalismlPsychoanalysislBehaviorismlCognitive psychologylHumanistic approachlBiological approach心理学是如何发展的？结构主义、功能主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（

27、生理心理学）approach:接近；方法；途径 HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?第28页，本讲稿共112页Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking i

28、nwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.Structuralism第29页，本讲稿共112页Structuralism One structuralist,Titchener,claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensatio

29、ns that combined to form the structure of the human mind,but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.第30页，本讲稿共112页StructuralismStructuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of

30、psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.invest

31、igate:调查，研究pioneered:倡导；作先驱 conscious:意识 introspection:内省images:表象sensation:感觉feelings:情感object:对象，客体 第31页，本讲稿共112页StructuralismStructuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscio

32、us mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省（向

33、内探查自己的体验）的方法去研究，目的是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情感），就像化学家研究化学一样。第32页，本讲稿共112页One structuralist,Titchener,claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind,but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.结构

34、主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种基本的感觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。claimed:声称；宣称；断言 Structuralism第33页，本讲稿共112页Functionalism-the approach William James advocated.James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional,to survive and adapt,so we should inv

35、estigate what behavior and thought are for.Many of Jamess insights remain valid today,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.Functionalism第34页，本讲稿共112页Functionalism Functionalism-the approach William James advocated.

36、James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional,to survive and adapt,so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for.这种方法是由William James提出的。James受Darwin观点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。What for:为什么；为何目的 advocated:提倡，主张，拥护 第35页，

37、本讲稿共112页FunctionalismFunctionalismMany of Jamess insights remain valid today,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.insight:眼光，洞察力valid:有效的，有根据的；正当的 supersede:取代，代替James的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大（有说服力）的方法取

38、代了。第36页，本讲稿共112页Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria,but in many major books,such as The interpretation of dreams(1900),Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous(and controversial)

39、impact on psychology.Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind,and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.Psychoanalysis第37页，本讲稿共112页PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by S

40、igmund Freud in Austria,but in many major books,such as The interpretation of dreams(1900),Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous(and controversial)impact on psychology.精神分析理论实际上是由奥地利Sigmund Freud发展出来的一种治疗方法，但是在他很多主要的书中，例如梦的解析（19

41、00），Freud开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为的隐含的理论，对于心理学产生了重大的（并且是有争议的）影响。Therapy：治疗，疗法 Underlying：隐含的，潜在的，基本的第38页，本讲稿共112页PsychoanalysisFreud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind,and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.Freud认为心

42、理学的研究对象应该是无意识，我们的行为是由我们没有意识到的心理过程所决定的。unconscious mind：无意识，潜意识 第39页，本讲稿共112页Behaviorism-Behaviorists,such as John Waston,were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with“mind”,and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an obj

43、ective science.This approach dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s,when a strong resurgence of interest in the“mind”developed in the form of cognitive and the humanistic approaches,which suggested that behaviorism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our he

44、ads.Behaviorism第40页，本讲稿共112页BehaviorismBehaviorism-Behaviorists,such as John Waston,were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with“mind”,and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science.concern oneself with：研

45、究的对象是.行为主义者，像John Waston，对所有以意识为研究对象的方法极为不满，并且认为心理学如果想成为一门客观的科学，就应该研究可以观测的行为。objective：客观的第41页，本讲稿共112页Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works,and then applying scientific methods to confirm

46、these models.The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today.认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。Testable：可验证的可验证的Cognitive psychologyCognitive psychology第42页，本讲稿共112页The Humanistic approach,

47、however,has had less of an impact on psychology,since it has deliberately adopted a less scientific view of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individuals conscious experience and aims in life.人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它故意采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标。Huma

48、nistic approach第43页，本讲稿共112页The Biological approach has advanced evolutionary,physiological,and genetic explanations for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.生物学的研究方法在心理学的历史上，生理心理学则发展了关于人类行为的进化的、生理的和基因的观点。Biological approach 第44页，本讲稿共112页Chapter 2RESEARCH METHODS第45页，本讲稿共112页Variables

49、WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?VARIABLESA variables is any object,quality or event that changes or varies in some way.Examples include:aggression,intelligence,time,height,amount of alcohol,driving ability,attraction.OPERATIONALISATIONMany of the variables that psychologists are interested in are

50、abstract concepts,such as aggression or intelligence.Operationalisation refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable.This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate of the variable under consideration.第46页，本讲稿共1