先锋无线电工程师权力观教学文稿.doc

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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。先锋无线电工程师权力观-先锋无线电工程师权力观PIONEERRADIOENGINEERGIVESVIEWSONPOWERbyNikolaTeslaNewYorkHeraldTribune,September11,1932TeslaSaysWirelessWavesAreNotElectromagnetic,ButSoundInNatureHoldsSpaceNotCurved燩redictsPowerTransmissiontoOtherPlanetsbyNikolaTeslaTheassumption

2、oftheMaxwellianetherwasthoughtnecessarytoexplainthepropagationoflightbytransversevibrations,whichcanonlyoccurinasolid.Sofascinatingwasthistheorythatevenatpresentithasmanysupporters,despitethemanifestimpossibilityofamedium,perfectlymobileandtenuoustoadegreeinconceivable,andyetextremelyrigid,likesteel

3、.Asaresultsomeillusionaryideashavebeenformedandvariousphenomenaerroneouslyinterpreted.Theso梒alledHertzwavesarestillconsideredarealityprovingthatlightiselectricalinitsnature,andalsothattheetheriscapableoftransmittingtransversevibrationsoffrequencieshoweverlow.ThisviewhasbecomeuntenablesinceIshowedtha

4、ttheuniversalmediumisagaseousbodyinwhichonlylongitudinalpulsescanbeprop璦gated,involvingalternatingcompressionsandexpansionssimilartothoseproducedbysoundwavesintheair.Thus,awirelesstransmitterdoesnotemitHertzwaveswhichareamyth,butsoundwavesintheether,behavingineveryrespectlikethoseintheair,exceptthat

5、,owingtothegreatelasticforceandextremelysmalldensi璽yofthemedium,theirspeedisthatoflight.SuggestedShortWavesEarly.Sincewavesofthiskindareallthemorepenetrating,theshortertheyare,Ihaveurgedtheexpertsengagedinthecommercialapplicationofthewirelessarttoemployveryshortwaves,butforalongtimemysuggestionswere

6、notheeded.Eventually,though,thiswasdone,andgraduallythewavelengthswerereducedtobutafewmeters.Invariablyitwasfoundthatthesewaves,justasthoseintheair,followthecurvatureoftheearthandbendaroundobstacles,apeculiarityex環ibitedtoamuchlesserdegreebytransversevibrationsinasolid.Recently,how璭ver,ultrashortwav

7、eshavebeenexperimentedwithandthefactthattheyalsohavethesamepropertywashailedasagreatdiscovery,offeringthestupendouspromisetomakewirelesstransmissioninfinitelysimplerandcheaper.?brItisofinteresttoknowwhatwirelessexpertshaveexpected,knowingthatwavesafewmeterslongaretransmittedcleartotheantipodes.Isthe

8、reanyreasonthattheywouldbehaveradicallydifferentwhentheirlengthisreducedtoabouthalfofonemeter?WavesGoAroundWorld.Asthegeneralknowledgeofthissubjectseemsverylimited,Imaystate,thatevenwavesonlyoneortwomillimeterslong,whichIproducedthirty-threeyearsago,providedthattheycarrysufficientenergy,canbetransmi

9、ttedaroundtheglobe.Thisisnotsomuchduetorefractionandreflectionastothepropertiesofagaseousmediumandcertainpeculiaraction,whichIshallexplainsometimeinthefuture.Atpresentitmaybesufficienttocallattentiontoanimportantfactinthisconnection,namely,thatthisbendingofthebeamprojectedfromreflectordoesnotaffecti

10、ntheleastitsbehaviorinotherrespects.Asregardsdeflectioninahorizontalplane,itactsjustasthoughitwerestraight.Tobeexplicitthehorizontaldeviationsarecomparativelyslight.Inaproposedultrashortwavetransmission,theverticalbending,farfrombeinganadvantage,isaseriousdraw璪ack,asitincreasedgreatlytheliabilityofd

11、isturbancesbyobstaclesattheearth抯surface.Thedownwarddeflectionalwaysoccurs,irrespectiveofwavelength,andalsoifthebeamisthrownupwardatanangletothehorizontal,andthistendencyis,accordingtomyfinding,allthemorepronouncedthebiggertheplanet.Onabodyaslargeasthesun,itwouldbeimpossibletoprojectadis璽urbanceofth

12、iskindtoanyconsiderabledistanceexceptalongthesurface.ItmightbeinferredthatIamalludingtothecurvatureofspacesupposedtoexistaccordingtotheteachingsofrelativity,butnothingcouldbefurtherfrommymind.Iholdthatspacecannotbecurved,forthesimplereasonthatitcanhavenoproperties.ItmightaswellbesaidthatGodhasproper

13、ties.Hehasnot,butonlyattributesandtheseareofourownmaking.Ofpropertieswecanonlyspeakwhendealingwithmatterfillingthespace.Tosaythatinthepresenceoflargebodiesspacebecomescurved,isequivalenttostatingthatsomethingcanactuponnothing.I,forone,refusetosubscribetosuchaview.NeedRadioChannelsThechiefobjectofemp

14、loyingveryshortwavesistoprovideanincreasednumberofchannelsrequiredtosatisfytheever-growingdemandforwirelessappliances.Butthisisonlybecausethetransmittingandreceivingapparatus,asgenerallyemployed,isill-conceivedandnotwelladaptedforselection.Thetransmittergeneratesseveralsystemsofwaves,allofwhich,exce

15、ptone,areuseless.Asaconsequence,onlyaninfinitesimalamountofenergyreachesthereceiverandde璸endenceisplacedonextremeamplification,whichcanbeeasilyaffectedbytheuseoftheso-calledthree-electrodetubes.Thisinventionhasbeencreditedtoothers,butasamatteroffact,itwasbroughtoutbymein1892,theprinciplebeingdescrib

16、edandillustratedinmylecturebeforetheFranklinInstituteandNationalElectricLightAssof7iation.InmyoriginaldeviceIputaroundthein璫andescentfilamentaconductingmember,whichIcalleda搒ieve.?Thisdeviceisconnectedtoawireleadingoutsideofthebulbandservestomodifythestreamofparticlesprojectedfromthefilamentaccording

17、tothechargeimpartedtoit.Inthismanneranewkindofdetector,rectifierandamplifierwasprovided.Manyformsoftubesonthisprinciplewereconstructedbymeandvariousinterestingef璮ectsobtainedbytheirmeansshowntovisitorsinmylaboratoryfrom1893to1899,whenIundertooktheerectionofanexperimentalworld梥ystemwirelessplantatCol

18、oradoSprings.Duringthelastthirty-twoyearsthesetubeshavebeenmadeveritablemarvelsofmechanicalperfection,butwhilehelpfulinmanywaystheyhavedrawntheexpertsawayfromthesimplerandmuchsuperiorarrangement,whichIattemptedtointroducein1901.Myplansinvolvedtheuseofahighlyeffectiveandefficienttransmitterconveyingt

19、oanyreceiveratwhateverdistance,arelativelylargeamountofener璯y.Thereceiverisitselfadeviceofelementarysimplicitypartakingofthechar璦cteristicsoftheear,exceptthatitisimmenselymoresensitive.Insuchasys璽emresonantamplificationistheonlyonenecessaryandtheselectivityissogreatthatanydesirednumberofseparatechan

20、nelscanbeprovidedwithoutgoingtowavesshorterthanafewmeters.Forthisreason,andbecauseofothershortcomings,Idonotattachmuchimportancetotheemploymentofwaves,whicharenowbeingexperimentedwith.Besides,Iamcontemplatingthepracticaluseofanotherprinciple,whichIhavediscoveredandwhichisalmostunlimitedinthenumberof

21、channelsandintheenergythree-electrodetubes.Thisinventionhasbeencreditedtoothers,butasamatteroffact,itwasbroughtoutbymein1892,theprinciplebeingtransmitted.Itshouldenableustoobtainmanyimportantresultsheretoforeconsideredimpossible.Withtheknowledgeofthefactsbeforeme,Idonotthinkithazardoustopredictthatwewillbeenabledtoilluminatethewholeskyatnightandthateventuallywewillflashpowerinvirtuallyunlimitedamountstoplanets.Itwouldnotsurprisemeatallifanexperimenttotransmitthousandsofhorsepowertothemoonbythisnewmethodweremadeinafewyearsfromnow.-