南京中医药大学《药学英语》课程复习资料教学资料.doc

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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。南京中医药大学药学英语课程复习资料-(T)1.Allicin,allitridinandajoenearebelievedtohaveanti-carcinogenicaactivityandnormalizeplasmalipidlevels,bloodpressure,andfibrinolyticactivity.(F)2.ThestandardizedextractsofGinkgobilobaleaveshavebeenusedwidelyasadietarysupplementinEurop

2、eandasaphytomedicineintheUSA.(T)3.Thenewdirectivewouldguaranteeapremarketingcheckofproductqualityandsafetybythehealthauthoritiesandfacilitaterecalls.(T)4.Nowthenonmedicalpractitionerswhoprescribeherbaltreatmentshavetoreceiveadequatetrainingandcontinuouseducationtoreachandmaintainahighstandardofpract

3、iceintheUnitedKingdom.(F)5.Theconventionalefficacyrequirementsareonlymeansofsafeguardingpublichealth.(F)6.Thismaturationzoneisdrivenbyhydrostaticpressurewithinthecellthatpropelstheroottipdeeperintothesoil.(T)7.Endodermalcellspossessacharacteristicthickeningoftheanticlinalcellwall.(F)8.Allplantsfirst

4、formasecondaryrootandformostplants,includingthegymnosperms,primitivedicotyledonsandeudicotyledons,thispersistsasataproot.(T)9.Thepetalsareusuallycolored,whichcanattractinsectsattention.(F)10.Animal-pollinatedflowersareoftenverysmallwithoutsepalsorpetals,manyalsobeingmonoecious.(T)11.InChinesefolkmed

5、icine,Ku-Ding-Chawasmostlyusedtotreatcoronaryheartdiseases.(T)12.Nowthetechniqueofmicroscopyhasbeenusedsuccessfullytoidentifytheplantsourcesusedtoproduceacommercialherbaltea.(T)13.Theginsengsurfaceispaleyellowtocreamandshowslongitudinalridges;stemscarsmaybeseenatthecrown.(F)14.Ginsengcontainsnotless

6、than10.0percentofwater.(F)15.Theneedleofyewhasusedinsmalldoseshasbeenusedtotreatrheumaticandurinaryproblemsinhistory,soitisasafemedicinalplantanditmustbekeptinmindnottotakeitunderanycircumstances.(F)16.Cultivationwillbetheultimatemethodtosolvetheproblemoftaxolresourcescarcity.(F)17.Mentholistheonlya

7、ctivecomponentinvolatileoilsofmanyherbalmedicines.(F)18.HPLChasbeenapowerfultoolinthestudyofessentialoilfrommedicinalplants.(F)19.Amongallfactorsleadingtobiodegradation,damagebytermitesistheleastserioustowoodenstructuresworldwide.(F)20.ThecompoundmosttoxictotheJapanesetermitewasdiallyldisulfide.(T)2

8、1.ThesensitivityofTLSissuchthatseparationsonlessthanugamountsofmaterialcanbeachievedifnecessary.(F)22.TheliquidmobilephaseinHPLCisforcedthoughunderordinarypressure.(F)23.Themeatfromanimalskilledbythearrowpoisoncurareisnotsafetieat.(F)24.CalciumisabsorbedbymeansofavitaminE-dependentcarriersystem.(T)2

9、5.Typically,aboutthreequartersofadruggivenorallyisabsorbedin1-3hours.(F)26.Duggivenbyinhalationareusuallyfullyfullyabsorbedintothecirculation.(F)27.Dorzolamidecanlowerocularpressureinpatientswithglaucomawhengivenaseyedrops,andaffectthekidneybecauseititacarbonicanhydraseinhibitor.(T)28.Oraladministra

10、tionofdrugsusuallyproducesaslowereffectthansubcutaneousorintramuscularinjection.1.AlthoughChineseherbalmedicinesconstitutemulti-billion-dollarindustriesworldwideand1500herbalsaresoldasdietarysupplementsorethnictraditionalmedicines,theformulationsofthesemedicinesarecommonlynotsubjectedtopre-markettox

11、icityexaminationtotesttheirsafetyorefficacy.尽管中药构成全球数十亿美元的产业并且1500种草药作为食品添加剂和民族传统药材销售，但是这些药的配方一般不受售前毒性检测来检测它们的安全性和有效性。2.T.wilfordiiiseffectiveforthetreatmentofvarioustypesofarthritis;itspotentialmechanismofactionmightincludeinhibitionofmRNAandproteinexpressionoftumornecrosisfactorandinterleukin.雷公藤能

12、够治疗各种关节炎症，其潜在的作用机理可能是它能够抑制mRNA和坏死因子及白细胞介素的表达。3.Applicantsforamarketingauthorizationarenolongerrequiredtosubmitdatafromnewpreclinicaltestsandclinicaltrialsiftheycandemonstratethroughdetailedreferencestopublishedscientificliteraturethattheirherbalproductshaveawell-establishedmedicinalusewithrecognized

13、efficacyandanacceptablelevelofsafety.这样，只要他们通过详细的已正式发表的文献资料能证明他们的中药产品在公认的有效性和广泛的安全性的前提下能够很好地用于治疗，那么他们的注册申请就不再需要提供新的临床前测试和临床实验数据。4.MostherbalmedicinesnolongerqualifyforreimbursementinGermany,becausetheyare“pharmacy-only”medicines,unlesstheyappearonalistofexceptions.Currently,onlyfourherbsareincludedo

14、nthislist.大部分草药在德国不再符合赔偿的资格，因为它们仅是在药房销售的药，除非它们出现在一张特殊的单子上。目前，仅有四种草药包括在这张清单上。5.Assoilisaresistantmedium,thegrowingtiphasanearconicalprotectiverootcapwhichlubricatestherootsurfaceasitispushedbythecellexpansionbetweensoilparticles.Growthoccurswhennewcells,formedinmeristemsinthezoneofcelldivisionelongat

15、eintheelongationzone.土壤是一种有抵抗性的介质，生长的根尖有一个近似锥形的起保护作用的根冠来润滑根表面，它在土壤颗粒之间由细胞膨胀推动。当组成细胞分界区分裂组织的新生细胞在延长区延长时，根尖部开始生长。6.Therootcapisaconicalcollectionofparenchymacells,whichinsomeplantsislargeandconspicuousandinotherssmall.根冠由实质细胞组成，在某些植物中这些实质细胞大且明显而在其它植物中很小。7.Allplantsfirstformaprimaryrootandinmostplants,

16、includingthegymnosperms,primitivedicotyledonsandeudicotyledons,thispersistsasataproot.所有植物首先形成初生根，在大多数植物包括裸子植物、原始双子叶植物和优化的双子叶植物中作为主根保留。8.Thecarpelsareusuallyfewerinnumberandconsistofabasalovarywhichcontainstheovules,andabovethisastalk,thestyle,whichistoppedbyastigma,thesurfaceontowhichpollengrainswi

17、lllandforfertilization.心皮数量比较少，由基生子房构成，子房包有胚珠，子房上面是花柱，花柱顶端是柱头，花粉在柱头表面受精。9.Ifmaleflowersandfemaleflowersoccuronthesameplant,theplantisknownasmonoecious;iftheyoccuronseparateplantsitisknownasdioecious.如果雄花和雌花出现在相同的植株，这种植物被称为雌雄同株；如果它们出现在不同的植株则被称为雌雄异株。10.Theovariesmaybesituatedonthesurfaceoftheflower,kn

18、ownassuperiorovaries,ormaybeburiedinthereceptaclewithonlythestyleandstigmaprojecting,inwhichcasetheyareknownasinferior.子房可能位于花的表面，称为上位子房，或者可能包在花托里，只有柱头突起，这种情况称为下位子房。11.Pericyclefiberbundlesarrangedinaninterruptedringwithlignifiedwalls,1-2rowsofcellswide.IlexlatifoliaThumb.Vascularbundleofmidribcolla

19、teral;xylemkidney-shaped;pericyclefiberbundlesarrangedinaringwithlignifiedwalls,4-8rowsofcellswide.Ligustrumrobustum(Roxb.)Bl.Vascularbundleofmidribcollateralandgab-shaped;pericyclefibersscatteredandpresentontheouterpartofvascularbundlesofmidrib.中柱鞘纤维素断断续续排列成环，有12排细胞宽的木质化胞壁。大叶冬青中脉维管束平行，木质部呈肾形，中柱鞘纤维素

20、排列成环，有48排细胞宽的木质化胞壁。粗壮女贞中脉维管束平行且呈凹节状，中柱鞘纤维素分散存在于中脉维管束外部。12.GinsengconsistsofthewholeorcutdriedrootofPanaxginsengC.A.Meyer.Itcontainsnotlessthan0.40percentofcombinedginsenosidesRg1andRb1,calculatedwithreferencetothedrieddrug.人参由干燥全根或切片组成，它包含不少于0.40%的两种人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的混合物，按照干燥药材计算。13.Thepowderoccasionallys

21、howsnon-lignifiedtracheidsandpartially-lignifiedvesselswithspiralorreticulatethickening,occurringsinglyorinsmallgroups,andscatteredclustercrystalsofcalciumoxalate.有时粉末中可以看到非木质化的管胞，以及部分木质化的导管，这些导管是网纹或螺纹增厚的导管，三五成群独立，并且能看到散在的草酸钙结晶。14.TheprojectedincreaseofTaxolusageforbothbasicresearchandcancerchemothe

22、rapy，coupledwithitslimitedavailabilityfromtheprotectedyewresultedinoneofhottestresearchfieldsofscientificcommunity.近年来，基础研究和医疗对紫杉醇需求的日益增长，并且其来源的日益匮乏使得对红豆杉的研究热持续不衰。15.Themoleculeoftaxolisanextremelycomplexditerpenewithataxaneringstructurefusedwithafour-memberedoxetanering,anesterside-chainatpositionC

23、-13andabenzoylside-chainattheC-2position.紫杉醇分子是一个极其复杂的四环二萜类化合物：一个紫杉烷环加一个四个元素组成的氧烷环，在C-2和C-13上还分别有一个苯氧基和酯基侧链。16.Therearefivepossibleroutestoindustrializetaxolproduction:tissueorcellculture,fungalfermentation,chemicaltotalsynthesis,semisynthesisandisolationfromplant.有五种产业化生产紫杉醇的可能途径：组织或细胞培养、真菌发酵、化学全合成

24、、半合成和植物分离。17.Generally,therearethreemethodsforraisingseedlinginalargescale:tissueculture,seedgerminationandcottage.一般来说,有三种方法来大规模增加幼苗：组织培养、种子萌发和扦插。18.MentholisthemajorcomponentofvolatileoilinMenthahaplocalyxBriq.Itsrelativecontentintheoilwasreportedtovaryfrom60to80%.薄荷醇是薄荷油中的主要成分，根据报道它的相对含量从60%到80%。

25、19.GC-MShasbecomethemostpopularmeansofidentificationandquantitativeanalysisofvolatileconstituentsinChinesetraditionalherbalmedicinescontainingessentialoilandintheircompoundformulations.气-质联用已广泛用于中药中有效成分的鉴定和定量分析，包括精油和复合配方。20.Manyplantessentialoilsandphytochemicalsareknowntopossessantitermiticorrepell

26、entactivity.许多植物精油和植物化学成分都具有抗白蚁和驱虫的功能。21.Organosulfurcompoundsfromgarlicsuchasdiallylmono-,di-,andtrisulfideshowantimicrobialactivity,inhibitarylamineN-acetyltransferase(NAT).activityinahumancolontumorcellline,andinduceapoptosisofhumancolontumorcells.从大蒜中得到的有机硫化物，如二烯丙基单、双和三硫化物显示抗微生物活性，抑制在人类结肠癌细胞线的芳香

27、胺转移酶活性，及诱导人结肠癌细胞的凋亡。22.Itdiffersinthatthestationaryphasebondedtoaporouspolymerisheldinanarrow-borestainlesssteelcolumnandtheliquidmobilephaseisforcedthroughunderconsiderablepressure.HPLC的不同之处在于它的固定相与一根细不锈钢柱中的多孔聚合物键合，液体流动相则在高压下通过色谱柱。23.Themobilephaseisamisciblesolventmixture,whicheitherremainsconstan

28、tor,maybechangedcontinuouslyinitsproportions.流动相是比例保持不变或不断变化的可混溶的混合溶剂。24.HPLCismanlyusedfortheseclassesofcompoundwhicharenon-volatile,e.g.higherterpenoids,phenolicsofalltypes,alkaloids,lipidsandsugars.HPLC主要用于一些具有非挥发性的化合物,如所有类型的萜类化合物、酚类化合物、生物碱、酯类和糖类。25.Onecannotspeakstrictlyofthebioavailabilityofapa

29、rticularpreparation,butonlyofthatpreparationinagivenindividualonaparticularoccasion.任何人都不能确切的讲一个特定制剂的生物利用度，而只能在一个特定场合下讲一个特定个体制剂的生物利用度。26.Onerarelyseesanumericalvalueassignedtobioavailability,anditiswelltobewaryofostensiblymeasurablequantitiesthatareusedimpressionistically,butnotactuallygivenvalues.很

30、少能看到生物利用度具有确切的数值，而且时刻注意表面上看可测的数量是很恰当的，虽然这些数值给人印象深刻，但它们并不是实际上给定的数值。27.Ondischargefromthehospitalhewasgiventhesameclothesthathehadwornwhenhewasbroughtin,Theclotheshadbeenkeptinapaperbagandwerestilldampwheretheyhadbeenwetwiththenicotinesolution.出院时给了他入院时穿的衣服，衣服已经放在了一个纸包里，被烟碱溶液弄湿的地方还是潮湿的。28.Suchabsorpti

31、onisbelievedtotakeplacethroughmucosaoverlyingnasal-associatedlymphoidtissue.ThisissimilartomucosaoverlyingPeyerspatchesinthesmallintestine,whichisalsounusuallypermeable.这种吸收被认为是通过鼻粘膜相关淋巴组织的粘膜产生的。它与小肠Peyer氏斑的粘膜相似，也是非常容易透过的。1.根尖分为根冠、分生区、伸长区、成熟区四个部分。Theroottipisdividedintofourparts:rootcap,meristematiczone,elongationzoneandmaturationzone.2.花通常由花梗、花托、花萼、花冠、雄蕊群和雌蕊群等部分组成。Theflowerusuallyconsistsofstalk,receptacle,sepal,corolla,stamens,pistilsandsoon.3.气-质联用已广泛用于中药中有效成分的鉴定和定量分析。GC-MShasbeenwidelyusedinidentificationandquantitativeanalysisofeffectiveconstituentsinChinesetraditionalherbalmedicines.-