强烈推荐英语语法基础知识讲课讲稿.doc

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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。强烈推荐英语语法基础知识-英语语法基础知识-动词分类我们应该从三个方面了解一下动词的分类。第一方面：按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类。见下表。类别特点意义举例实义动词(vt.vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思Ihaveabook.不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语Shealwayscomeslate.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思Iamastudent.助动词(aux.v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问

2、，否定及各种时态HedoesntspeakChinese.IamwatchingTV.情态动词(mod.v.)跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化Wecandoitbyourselves.Thatwouldbebetter.第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Lookat,lookafter动词+副词Giveup,putinto动词+副词+介词Catchupwith,lookdownupon动词+名词+介词Takecareof,payattentiontoBe+形容词

3、+介词Beproudof,beafraidof复杂结构Makeuponesmind,windonesway第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致Iamreadingnow.第一人称数与主语在数上一致Hewriteswell.第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间Hewrotealettertomelastmonth.过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者WestudyEnglish.主动Theroadwasfilledwithrubbish.被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等HehasflowntoAmerica.事实IwishIcou

4、ldflytothemoonsomeday.愿望2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语Ittakesme20minutestogotoschool.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语Shelikesreading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语Thecupisbroken过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动Thesteamisseenrisingfromthewetclothes.中学生英语学习常见错误-动词误Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.正Shelaydownandsoonfellasl

5、eep.析考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放，lie躺，lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下：lay(放)laid，laid，laying(及物动词)lie(躺)lay，lain，lying(不及物动词)lie(说谎)lied，lied，lying误Pleaseriseyourhand.正Pleaseraiseyourhand.析rise是不及物动词，其后不能接宾语，如：Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物动词。误Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdontlikeswimmingthisafternoon.正Ilikeswimmingvery

6、much,butIdontliketoswimthisafternoon.析like作为喜欢讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。但要注意的是like与would连用时则一定要接不定式，如：Wouldyouliketogowithme?再有一点要注意的是，like作为介词像讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。误Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?正Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?析hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么，而listento的侧重点为听的倾向，如：listen!Doy

7、ouhearsomeonecallinghelp?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同，look重于看的倾向，而see重于看见没看见。误Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?正Didyouseesomefilmrecently?析英语中see与watch各有不同的用处，see用于看电影、剧目，而watch用作看电视和看球赛。误Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.正Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.析hang有两个含义，挂，它的过去时与过去分词是hung，hung;绞刑，这时它是规

8、则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为hanged，hanged。误HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?正HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?析借在英文中有三个词，借入，即borrow,如：MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?借出，如：Icanlendmybiketoyou.借多久要用keep,因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词，而keep是延续性动词。如HowlongcanIkeepit?误Wehavewonyourclass.正Wehavebeatenyourclass.析win是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而

9、beat的宾语，应是人、队、班级等等，如：Wewonthegame.误Ileftmykey.正Iforgotmykey.正Ileftmykeyathome.析leave是丢下，其后一定要接地点状语，而forget其后不要接地点状语。误Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.正Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.析bring为带来如：Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take为带走，fetch为去某处取什么回来，如：Pleasefet

10、chsomecoffeeforus要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组，如：takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下takeoff脱下takeout拿出takeplace发生takeholdof拿住takepartin参加takeaseat坐下takeonesplace替代takealook看看takeonesturn轮流takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy别着急takeonestime慢慢来takeonestemperature测量体温误Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.正Thepolicemanreachedf

11、orhisgun.析reach作到达讲时是及物动词，如：Ireachedthehotelat830但作伸手去拿，则要用reachforsomething。作为到达讲时还有arrive(in+大地方)(at较小的地方)和getto.要注意的是与get有关的词组有：getback回来getin收割getinto进入getoff下车geton上车getout出去getup起床getto到达getreadyfor=bereadyforgetonwellwith与人相处融洽get加比较级为变得如何，例如：getcolderandcolder.误Thisdictionaryspentmefivedolla

12、rs.正Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.析英文中的花费有4个spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend与pay所在句中的主语应为人，如：Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost与take的主语则是事物，如：Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.误InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.正InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.正Ialwayssleepwi

13、ththewindowsclosed.析要注意open是动词也是形容词，而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。误Pleasewaitaminute.Imhavingonmyclothes.正Pleasewaitaminute.Imputtingonmyclothes.析英语中的穿衣服要分状态，是什么样的穿着打扮，还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用进行时态，它多用一般时态，如：Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear则多用进行时来表示状态，如：Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示动作的词中puton是

14、常用的一词。dress用作动词当穿衣讲时其后宾语不应接衣物，而要接人，如：Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldntdressthemselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词，如：Heisdressedinwhite.误Mycomputercantbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?正Mycomputercantstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?析begin与start均可指开始，而且常常可以互换，如：Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin而要用

15、start,当作机器开动、发动讲，如：Mycarcantstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.作为旅途开始讲，如：Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.误ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.正ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.析find是不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词是found,found，而found又是另外一词建立，它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词是foundedfounded,如：ThePeo

16、plesRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.误Please.LetsspeakinEnglish.正Please.LetsspeakEnglish.正Please.LetstalkinEnglish.误CanyouspeakitEnglish?正CanyousayitinEnglish?析英文中说有4个常用词say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk，如：Iwanttotalkwithyou.Wearetalkingaboutthenewfilm.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词，其他情况是不及物动词。say与tell是及物动词，

17、其中tell常用双宾语，如：Tellusastory.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如：Tellthetruth.误CanyousayJapanesefromChinese?正CanyoutellJapanesefromChinese?析tellfrom为固定词组，即分辨两者的不同。误Excuseme,didIsteponyourfoot?正Oh,sorry,didIsteponyourfoot?析excuseme用于未打扰对方前，以提醒对方注意的用语，而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。误Wouldyoucarefortoswimwithus?正Wouldyoucaretoswim

18、withus?析carefor后接不定式时，要省略for,或换用名词，如：Wouldyoucareforacupoftea.carefor作照顾讲时与lookafter相同。在初中阶段学习与for有关的词组有：askfor请求callfor接人，请人carefor关心goinfor从事answerfor负责lookfor寻找waitfor等待sendfor请人payfor付款searchfor寻找leavefor去某地preparefor准备thanksomebodyforsomething为某事向某人道谢。误Areyouunderstandingit?Yes,Igottoit.正Doyouu

19、nderstandit?Yes,Igotit.析understand这一词没有进行时态，如同感观动词love、hateIgotit是美语，即Iunderstoodit。要记住get作为到达讲时是不及物动词，如：Illgettotheschoolat8a.m.初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下：belongto属于cometo苏醒pointto(at)指着getto到达referto谈到stickto坚持leadto导致turnto翻到lookforwardto期望agreeto同意误Themeathasgonebadly.正Themeathasgonebad.析英语中go,get,becom

20、e,turn作为转变时，其后接形容词，这时这些动词应被看作系动词。误Theteachersaidtheearthmovedaroundthesun.正Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.析如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时，则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实，所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。误IllcometoseeyouassoonasIllbeback.正IllcometoseeyouassoonasIamback.析在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来，如：Ishouldtellh

21、imwhenhecameback.误Iwanttoknowwhetheryoucometomypartytomorrowornot.正Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillcometomypartytomorrowornot.析在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时，依然要用一般现在时表示将来，如：Iwanttoknowifitrainstomorrowyoullcomehereornot.误Whatdidyoudoateightlastnight?正Whatwereyoudoingateightlastnight?析在描述过去某一具体时刻的

22、动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时，如：IwaswashingclothesfromeighttillnoonlastSunday误Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididntgowiththem,becauseIhaveseenitbefore.正Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.IdidntgowiththembecauseIhadseenitbefore.析现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点，它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时；如动作

23、截止到过去，用过去完成时。例如：IvelearntEnglishforthreeyears.(到现在为止)又如：BeforeIwenttocollege,IhadlearntEnglishforthreeyears.(动作截止到上大学那时，即截止于过去)误Imfeelingwellnow.正Ifeelwellnow.析瞬间动词有些无进行时态，它们是：表示思维状态的词：believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want表示感情的动词：care,like,dolike,love,mind,hate,f

24、ear表示状态的词：belong,own感观动词：feel,hear,see，smell,taste误Whenhaveyoudonethiswork?正Whendidyoudothiswork?析when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。误ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasgonetomanyforeigncountries.正ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasbeentomanyforeigncountries.析havegoneto是到某地去了，此人现在不在这里。havebeento是到过某地，现在此人在说话现场。误Ih

25、aveborrowedthisbookfortwoweeks.正Ihavekeptthisbookfortwoweeks.析截止性动词有完成时态，但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如：WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbegun.但要讲WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbeonforfiveminutes这样的用法还有buy,join,die,如：Iboughtthisbookyesterday.我昨天买的这本书。Ihavehadthisbookfortwodays.这本书我已买了两天了。Ijoinedtheclubtwoyearsago.两

26、年前我加入了这个俱乐部。Ihavebeeninthisclubfortwoyears.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。Myfatherdiedfiveyearsago.我父亲是5年前去世的。Myfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears.我父亲已去世5年了。误Haveyouunderstoodthelessons?正Doyouunderstandthelessons?析有些动词不易用完成时态，它们是understand,think,believe,know(知道)误ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarhadbrokenoutin1939.误Itwassaidt

27、hattheSecondWorldWarwasbrokenoutin1939.正ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarbrokeoutin1939.析在讲述过去的历史事件时，总要用过去时而不要用完成时，而且happen,breakout,takeplace作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。误WhenIwalkedalongthestreet.Ihappenedtomeetanoldfriend.正WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetIhappenedtomeetanoldfriend.析在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中，某一突然事件发生，这时长动作应用进行时

28、(现在进行时或过去进行时)，而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时)，如：Whenmyfatherisreadinganewspaperthetelephonerings.误Pleasebuyabooktome.正Pleasebuymeabook.正Pleasebuyabookforme.析在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间接宾语，如：Buymeabook中me是间接宾语，而abook是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置，其后应加for，其它加to如：Tellmeastory.Tellastorytome.Givemeabook.Giveabooktome.误Hewass

29、eencomeintothebookstore.正Hewasseentocomeintothebookstore.析在主动语态中，有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语，如：Isawhimcomeintothebookstore.但如果变为被动语态时，则要将省略的to还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语，如：Isawhimcomingintothebookstore,如变为被动语态时，则没有变化。如：Hewasseencomingintothebookstore轻松记住英语不规则动词英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加ed构成，而不规

30、则动词的变化因词而异。但如对不规则动词的过去式和过去分词做一分析，就可发现其中的“规则”。为方便同学们记忆，现将初中英语教学大纲中的69个不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词列出并规为五种类型。同学们还可将第二、三类分为若干组，以便准确记忆。一、AAA型（原形、过去式和过去分词同形）：costcostcostcutcutcutletletletputputputreadreadread二、ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）：bringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtdigdugdugfeelfeltfeltf

31、indfoundfoundgetgotgothavehadhadhearheardheardholdheldheldkeepkeptkeptlearnlearntlearntleaveleftleftlendlentlentmakemademademeetmetmetpaypaidpaidsaysaidsaidsellsoldsoldsendsentsentshineshoneshonesitsatsatsleepsleptsleptsmellsmeltsmeltspendspentspentstandstoodstoodteachtaughttaughttelltoldtoldthinkth

32、oughtthoughtunderstandunderstoodunderstood三、ABC型（原形、过去式和过去分词各异）：bewas/werebeenbeginbeganbegunblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokendodiddonedrawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenflyflewflownforgetforgotforgottengivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownknowknewknownlielaylainriderode

33、riddenringrangrungseesawseenshowshowedshownsingsangsungspeakspokespokenswimswamswumtaketooktakenthrowthrewthrownwakewokewokenwearworewornwritewrotewritten四、ABA型（原形与过去分词同形）：becomebecamebecomecomecamecome五、AAB型（原形与过去式同形）：beatbeatbeaten（注：带号的词也可视为规则动词。）易混难辨英语动词集中练习I.难辨动词选择40例：1.He_metogiveupsmoking.A.h

34、opesB.suggestsC.advisesD.makes2.They_himworkingalldaylong.A.hadB.madeC.forcedD.obliged3.Heistooyoungto_rightfromwrong.A.speakB.talkC.sayD.tell4.Atlasthe_worker.A.becameB.turnedC.changedD.grew5.Thepeasantsare_goodseedsforthecomingspring.A.pickingoutB.choosingC.selectingD.choosingfrom6.Whendidyou_yest

35、erday?A.arriveB.reachC.getD.getto7.Howlongwillit_youdothejob?A.costB.spendC.lastD.take8.Itstoocoldto_theengine.A.beginB.startC.rideD.drive9.Willyoutakepartinthemeetingtobe_nextweek?A.heldB.takenplaceC.hadD.happened10.Who_thenewworld?A.inventedB.madeC.discoveredD.uncovered11.NeedIhelpyou?Yes,you_.A.n

36、eedB.mayC.mustD.should12.ThePeoplesRepublicofChinawas_in1949.A.foundB.foundedC.builtupD.putup13.Heis_asourbestfriend.A.thoughtB.lookedC.consideredD.regarded14.Whendidyou_hisletter?A.hearfromB.receiveC.acceptD.hear15.Anewlookhas_inChinainthelastfewyears.A.brokenoutB.takenplaceC.happenedD.takenon16.Sh

37、eis_herbestclothestoday.A.wearingB.dressingC.puttingonD.havingon17.Willyou_meafewminutes?A.shareB.spareC.saveD.spend18.He_fromhisseat.A.roseB.stoodc.gotD.raised19.Trains_morepeoplethanbuses.A.takeB.carryC.fetchD.bring20.Loudnoisescan_peoplemad.A.driveB.turnC.causeD.have21._whiletheironishot.A.Strike

38、B.HitC.BeatD.Knock22.Ifoundawallet_ontheground.A.layingB.lyingC.layD.lie23.Ihavent_hisletteryet.A.writtenB.answeredC.repliedD.returned24.They_thedifferentpartsintoone.A.unitedB.connectedC.joinedD.linked25.Hegot_inthebattle.A.hurtB.harmedC.injuredD.wounded26.Willyou_methefavourtoputonthecoat?A.doB.ma

39、keC.giveD.have27.Who_itbe?ItmustbeMary.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.may28.He_hiswayputwhenthefilmwasover.A.didB.foundC.madeD.took29.Didyou_theconcertyesterday?A.attendB.joinonC.joinD.have30.Itiswell_toallthatChinaisalargecountry.A.saidB.toldC.knownD.reported31.We_theappleintothreeparts.A.separatedB.splitC.p

40、artedD.divided32.China_alargepopulation.A.coversB.takesC.hasD.makes33.Theywere_busyworkingalldaylong.A.madeB.keptC.hadD.let34.Ihavebeensearchingformy_key.A.missedB.lostC.goneD.disappeared35.HowI_Iwereahappybird.A.hopeB.wishC.wantD.expect36._yourchildherenexttime.A.TakeB.FetchC.GetD.Bring37.Theboy_an

41、apologyforbeinglate.A.madeB.askedC.expressedD.had38.Wouldyouliketo_andhaveacupoftea?A.callonB.visitC.dropinD.see39.Shedecidedto_herstudiesathome.A.continueB.goonC.keeponD.have40.Itishardforthemto_agoodjob.A.lookforB.findoutC.findD.discoverII.易混动词选择40例：41.Canyou_herbecomingabusdriver?A.thinkB.imagine

42、C.expectD.believe42.Youvechangedalot.Icanhardly_youatfirst.A.knowB.rememberC.findoutD.recognize43.Weve_friendsformanyyears.A.beenB.becomeC.madeD.promised44.Heaskedmeto_himahelpinghand.A.lendB.borrowC.makeD.get45.Wedont_smokinghere.A.admitB.allowC.agreeD.let46.Iam_thatafilmwillbeshowntonight.A.saidB.

43、toldC.spokenD.reported47.Manycomrades_inthebattle.A.droppedB.fellC.lostD.killed48.Didyou_milkinmytea?A.getB.placeC.putD.drop49.Eggs_badeasilyinsummer.A.goB.becomeC.areD.change50.Hedidntcometothepartythoughhehad_to.A.invitedB.promisedC.allowedD.permitted51.Thebuildingisnot_yet.A.finishedB.endedC.done

44、D.completed52.Themanishardto_with.A.dealB.doC.goD.meet53.Hes_sixtythisyear.A.gotB.reachedC.hadD.arrived54.Im_heroff.A.watchingB.lookingC.seeingD.noticing55.Ourlife_poor.A.staysB.remainsC.keepsD.continues56.He_himselfbetweenJackandtom.A.wasseatedB.satC.seatedD.wassat57.I_mykeyathome.A.forgotB.lostC.leftD.missed58.I_topersuadehimnottosmoke,butfailed.A.triedB.managedC.hadD.hadgot59.He_thechildrengoingintothericefield.A.stoppedB.keptC.forb