土木工程专业毕业设计英文翻译教学教材.doc
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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精,善益求善。土木工程专业毕业设计英文翻译-CriticalReviewofDeflectionFormulasforFRP-RCMembersCarlosMota1;SandeeAlminar2;andDagmarSvecova31ResearchAssistant,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,Univ.ofManitoba,WinnipegMB,CanadaR3T5V6.2ResearchAssistant,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,Univ.ofManitoba,Win
2、nipegMB,CanadaR3T5V6.3AssociateProfessor,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,Univ.ofManitoba,WinnipegMB,CanadaR3T5V6(correspondingauthor).Abstract:Thedesignoffiber-reinforcedpolymerreinforcedconcreteFRP-RCistypicallygovernedbyserviceabilitylimitstaterequirementsratherthanultimatelimitstaterequirementsasconventi
3、onalreinforcedconcreteis.Thus,amethodisneededthatcanpredicttheexpectedserviceloaddeflectionsoffiber-reinforcedpolymerFRPreinforcedmemberswithareasonablyhighdegreeofaccuracy.Ninemethodsofdeflectioncalculation,includingmethodsusedinACI440.1R-03,andaproposednewformulainthenextissueofthisdesignguide,CSA
4、S806-02andISISM03-01,arecomparedtotheexperimentaldeflectionof197beamsandslabstestedbyotherinvestigators.ThesemembersarereinforcedwitharamidFRP,glassFRP,orcarbonFRPbars,havedifferentreinforcementratios,geometricandmaterialproperties.Allmembersweretestedundermonotonicallyappliedloadinfourpointbendingc
5、onfiguration.TheobjectiveoftheanalysisinthispaperistodetermineamethodofdeflectioncalculationforFRPRCmembers,whichisthemostsuitableforserviceabilitycriteria.TheanalysisrevealedthatboththemodulusofelasticityofFRPandtherelativereinforcementratioplayanimportantroleintheaccuracyoftheformulas.CEDatabasesu
6、bjectheadings:Concrete,reinforced;Fiber-reinforcedpolymers;Deflection;Curvature;Codes;Serviceability;Statistics.IntroductionFiber-reinforcedpolymerFRPreinforcingbarsarecurrentlyavailableasasubstituteforsteelreinforcementinconcretestructuresthatmaybevulnerabletoattackbyaggressivecorrosiveagents.Inadd
7、itiontosuperiordurability,FRPreinforcingbarshaveamuchhigherstrengththanconventionalmildsteel.However,themodulusofelasticityofFRPistypicallymuchlowerthanthatofsteel.ThisleadstoasubstantialdecreaseinthestiffnessofFRPreinforcedbeamsaftercracking.Sincedeflectionsareinverselyproportionaltotheflexuralstif
8、fnessofthebeam,evensomeFRPover-reinforcedbeamsaresusceptibletounacceptablelevelsofdeflectionunderserviceconditions.Hence,thedesignofFRPreinforcedconcrete(FRP-RC)istypicallygovernedbyserviceabilityrequirementsandamethodisneededthatcancalculatetheexpectedserviceloaddeflectionsofFRPreinforcedmemberswit
9、hareasonabledegreeofaccuracy.Theobjectiveofthispaperistopointouttheinconsistenciesinexistingdeflectionformulas.Onlyinstantaneousdeflectionswillbediscussedinthispaper.EffectiveMomentofInertiaApproachACI318(ACI1999)andCSAA23.3-94(CSA1998)recommendtheuseoftheeffectivemomentofinertia,Ie,tocalculatethede
10、flectionofcrackedsteelreinforcedconcretemembers.Theprocedureentailsthecalculationofauniformmomentofinertiathroughoutthebeamlength,anduseofdeflectionequationsderivedfromlinearelasticanalysis.Theeffectivemomentofinertia,Ie,isbasedonsemiempiricalconsiderations,anddespitesomedoubtaboutitsapplicabilityto
11、conventionalreinforcedconcretememberssubjectedtocomplexloadingandboundaryconditions,ithasyieldedsatisfactoryresultsinmostpracticalapplicationsovertheyears.InNorthAmericancodes,deflectioncalculationofflexuralmembersaremainlybasedonequationsderivedfromlinearelasticanalysis,usingtheeffectivemomentofine
12、rtia,Ie,givenbyBransonsformula(1965)(1)=crackingmoment;=momentofinertiaofthegrosssection;=momentofinertiaofthecrackedsectiontransformedtoconcrete;and=effectivemomentofinertia.ResearchbyBenmokraneetal.(1996)suggestedthatinordertoimprovetheperformanceoftheoriginalequation,Eq.(1)willneedtobefurthermodi
13、fied.Constantstomodifytheequationweredevelopedthroughacomprehensiveexperimentalprogram.TheeffectivemomentofinertiawasdefinedaccordingtoEq.(2)ifthereinforcementwasFRP(2)FurtherresearchhasbeendoneinordertodefineaneffectivemomentofinertiaequationwhichissimilartothatofEq.(1),andconvergestothecrackedmome
14、ntofinertiaquickerthanthecubicequation.Manyresearchers(Benmokraneetal.1996;BrownandBartholomew1996;ToutanjiandSaafi2000)arguethatthebasicformoftheeffectivemomentofinertiaequationshouldremainasclosetotheoriginalBransonsequationaspossible,becauseitiseasytouseanddesignersarefamiliarwithit.Themodifiedeq
15、uationispresentedinthefollowingequation:(3)AfurtherinvestigationoftheeffectivemomentofinertiawasperformedbyToutanjiandSaafi(2000).ItwasfoundthattheorderoftheequationdependsonboththemodulusofelasticityoftheFRP,aswellasthereinforcementratio.Basedontheirresearch,ToutanjiandSaafi(2000)haverecommendedtha
16、tthefollowingequationsbeusedtocalculatethedeflectionofFRPreinforcedconcretemembers:(4)WhereIfOtherwise(5)m=3where=reinforcementratio;=modulusofelasticityofFRPreinforcement;and=modulusofelasticityofsteelreinforcement.TheISISDesignManualM03-01(RizkallaandMufti2001)hassuggestedtheuseofaneffectivemoment
17、ofinertiawhichisquitedifferentinformcomparedtothepreviousequations.Itsuggestsusingthemodifiedeffectivemomentofinertiaequationdefinedbythefollowingequationtobeadoptedforfutureuse:(6)where=uncrackedmomentofinertiaofthesectiontransformedtoconcrete.Eq.(6)isderivedfromequationsgivenbytheCEB-FIPMC-90(CEB-
18、FIP1990).Ghalietal.(2001)haveverifiedthatIecalculatedbyEq.(6)givesgoodagreementwithexperimentaldeflectionofnumerousbeamsreinforcedwithdifferenttypesofFRPmaterials.AccordingtoACI440.1R-03(ACI2003),themomentofinertiaequationforFRP-RCisdependentonthemodulusofelasticityoftheFRPandthefollowingexpressionf
19、orIeisproposedtocalculatethedeflectionofFRPreinforcedbeams:(7)where(8)where=reductioncoefficient;=bonddependentcoefficient(untilmoredatabecomeavailable,=0.5);and=modulusofelasticityoftheFRPreinforcement.UponfindingthattheACI440.1R-03(ACI2003)equationoftenunderpredictedtheserviceloaddeflectionofFRPre
20、inforcedconcretemembers,severalattemptshavebeenmadeinordertomodifyEq.(7).Forinstance,Yostetal.(2003)claimedthattheaccuracyofEq.(7)primarilyreliedonthereinforcementratioofthemember.Itwasconcludedthattheformulacouldbeofthesameform,butthatthebonddependentcoefficient,hadtobemodified.Amodificationfactor,
21、wasproposedinthefollowingform:(9)where=balancedreinforcementratio.TheACI440Committee(ACI2004)hasalsoproposedrevisionstothedesignequationinACI440.1R-03(ACI2003).ThemomentofinertiaequationhasretainedthesamefamiliarformasthatofEq.(7)intheserevisions.However,theformofthereductioncoefficient,tobeusedinpl
22、aceofEq.(8)wasmodified.Thenewreductioncoefficienthaschangedthekeyvariableintheequationfromthemodulusofelasticitytotherelativereinforcementratioasshowninthefollowingequation:(10)MomentCurvatureApproachThemomentcurvatureapproachfordeflectioncalculationisbasedonthefirstprinciplesofstructuralanalysis.Wh
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