专八人文知识汇总-自我总结版(共9页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第一章 英语国家概括第一节 英国概括 地理 有四个部分组成 great Britain(England,Wales,Scotland)and northern Ireland 地理特征 最短的海峡 strait of Dover 多佛海峡 1 England the pennies 英格兰 最主要的山脉 2 Scotland three natural zone :the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ,首都是Edinburgh ,river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流,3 Wales Card
2、iff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是 内伊湖 (Lough Neagh)5 Rivers and lakes 最长的是 Severn river(赛文河) ,第二长和最重要的是 泰晤士河, (Thames river),典型的海洋性气候(maritime climate) 人口 60million ,英国人是 Anglo-Saxons,苏格兰人 hospitable and generous,Wales are emotional and cheerful people,北爱尔兰 的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethic groups
3、 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区 History:1 first settlers are Lberians (伊利比亚人)2 1066(Norman conquer)1215 (大宪章)13371453(英法百年战争)1381(农民起义)1458(玫瑰战争,1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646(first civil war ),1658(the restoration 王朝复辟)1688(the glorious revolution) 教育 实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习 Religion Established churches分为 the Church of
4、England(official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定) and the Church of Scotland(Presbyterian,长老教会)Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会,the free churches 自由教,the roman catholic church 天主教 主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节 (主要的天主教节日)whit Sunday(圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)Gay Fawkes d
5、ay (盖伊福克斯之夜,11月5日,燃放烟火的节日) sports ,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August 到 May),最典型的英国运动是cricket,板球)网球(annual Wimbledon fortnight Arts 博物馆(the British museum,the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery)Music (甲壳虫乐队,the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous
6、 music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and drama media (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper) Political constitutional monarchy,没有宪法,全靠惯例,parliament (the house of lor
7、d and the house of commons,任期为五年)political party :labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party(Tories 托利党)第二节 美国概括 yellow National park(大平原地带),大峡谷(the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second large
8、st city in California ) Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits,also called Eskimos) Hawaii (Mauna Loa ,莫纳罗亚山,the worlds largest active volcano,盛产 sugar cane and pineapple,首府是Honolulu) 地理特征1 两大主要山脉是,Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ,2 the Mississippi river (greatest continental rivers,American
9、Ruhr ),Ohio river(俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes:lake Michigan(唯一一个在美国境内),lake superior(世界上最大的淡水湖) ,the lake Huron(休伦湖) lake Erie(伊利湖)and lake Ontario(安大略湖) history 1620,201 pilgrim,mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration
10、of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立,签署停火协议), 1789( established federal government),1812(和英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war),gilded age (镀金时代,国内战争到20世纪初),1949(north Atlantic treaty),1950s (civil rights movement)1950-1975(the Vietnam war),1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华),1979(中美建交) A
11、merican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法,(1789讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。)政党(democratic and republican party) economy :federal reserve system(coin money ),wheat is Americans most important food crop, cotton is a leading commercial crop in south , greatest user and producer of tobacco , second export of ri
12、ce after Thailand education :6-16 festival; Christmas (December 25),martin Luther kings day(the third Monday in January ),Lincolns day (February 12) George Washingtons birthday( the third Monday in February ),Easter Sunday( a Sunday between march 22 and April 25 )independence day (July 4) , Hallowee
13、n( October 31),thanksgiving day (the fourth Thursday in November) 重要城市1 New York(largest city,big apple ,five boroughs :Manhattan,Brooklyn,queens,the Bronx and the Staten island)2 Boston (largest and vibrant city in new England,with the greatest concentration of colleges and universities)3 Los Angel
14、es(the pacific coasts largest and busiest commercial city with the second largest population ,Hollywood)4 New Oreleans is the second busiest port in the united states after New York ,5 Chicago(has the worlds best collection of modern architecture,sears Tower)6 San Francisco(crazy city,the worlds lar
15、gest gay communities)7 Atlanta (1996 Olympic games,the home of martin Luther king,the headquarters of CNN and coca-cola)8 Salk lake city (salty water,so many Mormons ,摩门教徒)第三节 加拿大概况(1931,正式独立1 60%的人口集中在Quebec city and the western end of lake Ontario,both French and English is the official language。2
16、 两条主要的河流是:Mackenzie (longest)and ST. Lawrence (most important river)Capital is Ottawa in Ontario,Quebec is the largest province,Vancouver is British Columbias largest city,and also is the largest cargo port)3 Quebec has the western hemispheres largest deposits of asbestos(石棉),Canada has become the l
17、argest exporter of fish,the oldest university is Laval university(拉瓦勒大学)the largest is the university of Toronto (多伦多大学)第四节 澳大利亚1 Divided into three region the great western plateau,西部高原,the eastern highlands 东部高地(the great barrier reef 大堡礁,Murray river as the longest river) the central eastern lowl
18、ands 中东部低地2 kangaroos and emus (the largest native desert animal3 Anzac day (澳新军团,April 25)is the most important holiday。4 worlds largest exporter of wool ,coal5 political:Parliament (the lower house and upper house)party(the Australia labor party,the liberal party of Australia)6 media:the age (世纪报)
19、 the Australia financial review(金融评论报)第五节 the others1(New Zealand)1 Wellington as the capital,Auckland as the largest city, kiwi as the symbol,Lake taupe as the largest lake,Clutha the longest in S,Waikato库鲁萨河 and Wanganui 旺格努伊河river in N)2 largest exporter of lamb and mutton and dairy products第二章 英
20、美文学第一节 英国文学 中古英国文学(449 -1066) 1 general introduction :8世纪(Anglo-Saxon prose) Venerable Bede and Alfred the great,15世纪(English ballads),Thomas Malory 2 important literary terms:old English(language spoken by Anglo-Saxon) ,Romance3 important writers and literary works: 1 Beowulf(oldest poem and most i
21、mportant specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature) 2 Religious poets :Caedmon(first known religious poet of England,the father of English song)Cynewulf(the Christ as most characteristic) 3 Prose writers:venerable Bede and Alfred the great 4 The romance :sir Gawain and the green knight The age of Chaucer:1
22、4 century called age of Chaucer,Chaucer(the father of English poetry and English fiction,the Canterbury tales) and Langland(朗兰)were the most important writers in that age Thomas Malory(Morte d Arthur,亚瑟王之死) 文艺复兴时期文学1 general introduction,起源于意大利,维多利亚时代发展最快,代表是戏剧,lyrical poetry,这个时代的英国被称为a nest of sin
23、ging birds2 important terms:Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗体)euphuism(夸饰文体)3 important writers and literary works:1 English poets:Thomas Wyatt(怀亚特most interesting poet of the first half of 16世纪,第一个将sonnet 带进英国文学)Henry Howard sir Philip Sidney(飞利浦西德尼爵士)Edmund spenser(埃蒙德斯宾塞,the poets poet,faerie Queen,仙后)2 En
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