英语教案句子成分.pdf

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1、课后自我检测教 学重点教 学难点教师活动10 大词类：句子成分分析句子成分分析实词：名词、形容词、代词、数词、动词、副词。虚词：介词、连词、感叹词、冠词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange.教 学过程4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、

2、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词及其他句子成分的关系。如 in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and,but,before.10、感叹词(interj.)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.【20102

3、010 江苏镇江】江苏镇江】四、词汇运用（共 10 小题；每小题 1 分，满分 10 分）A）根据句意，用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空，每空一词。36.So far,I havent made a (decide)about where to go for the coming summer holidays.37.This year it has rained so (heavy)in South China that lots of problems are caused.第 1 页38.When we walked past the playground yesterday,we fou

4、nd him (lie)on the grass,enjoying the sunset.39.Jack is busy preparing for a party to celebrate his sisters (twelve)birthday.He wants to giveher a big surprise.40.On April 14,an earthquake hit Yushu and destroyed its (beautiful)completely.thIts a great pity.B)根据句义，用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。91.The old should be

5、 spoken to _(polite).92.My family lives in the _(center)park of the city.93.He is too _(care)to pass the final exam.94.Poetry is a beautiful way to express _(think)and feelings.C)用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。96.Betty is often seen _(help)the old man with his housework.97.He prefers _(take)part in the public acti

6、vities rather than stay at home alone.98.They _(agree)with each other,so they argued for a long time.99.Animals are our friends,so _(protect)them is our duty.【2011 山东泰安】（二）综合填空（共 10 小题；每小题 1 分，满分 10 分）根据短文内容，用方框中所给词语的适当形式填空，使文章通顺、完整。（每词限用一次）first,use,be,another,buy,open,whenever,talk,but also,touch“

7、Thank you”is widely (76)in a modern society.It is a very good manner.You should say“Thank you”(77)others help you or say something kind to you.For example:when someone(78)thedoorforyou,whensomeonesaysyouhavedoneyourworkwell,whensomeonesaysyouhave(79)a nice shirt,or your city(80)very beautiful,you sh

8、ould say“Thank you”.“Thank you”第 2 页is used not only between friends,(81)between parents and children,brothers and sisters,husbandsand wives.“Excuse me”is(82)short polite usage.We use it as the same as“Thank you”.When youhear someone say so behind you,youd got to know that somebody wants to walk pas

9、t you without (83)you.It is not polite to interrupt(打断)others while they are (84).If you want to have a wordwith one of them,please say“Excuse me”(85),and then begin to talk.You shouldalso do so whenyou want to cough or make any unpleasant noise before others.Lets say“Thank you”and“Excuse me”on the

10、rightoccasion.英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语

11、1 1、主语：、主语：(1)句子的主语是表示句子所要说明的人或事物；“是什么”或“是谁”，这是一个句子的主要部分，一般由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语、从句等（如动词不定式和动词不定式短语、动名词等）来充当，通常位于句首如：The school is far from here.名词做主语She goes to school by bike.代词做主语Eight is a lucky number.数词做主语The blind need more help.名词化的形容词做主语There is a pen on the desk.名词做主语Watching TV too much is

12、 bad for your eyes.动名词做主语To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语What people wear depends on their likes and dislikes.(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用 it 代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is good for you to read many books as you can.(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主-系”省略：(It is)nothing.(那)没有什么。)(It)doesnt matter.(那)没有关系。)(I)thank

13、you.(我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesnt he?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗？)Tigers are dangerous animals,arent they?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。第 3 页Keep the keyboards clean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)You go there and fetch me a glass of water.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句

14、尾；倒装句及 there be 句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)Where are they?(他们在哪儿？)Does the boy like staying home?(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语及谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语及表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.(Jim 和 Rose 都没有通过考试。)The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.(中

15、华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：He traveled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)The pizza has gone bad.(那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1+原形动词”、“be+原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式：情

16、态动词+原形动词。如：Youd better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）shall/will/would+原形动词。如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）have/has+过去分词。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.

17、（意思同上）一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）第 4 页行为动词1+行为动词2(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固

18、的坟墓。）(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(1)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓 语 部 分 第 一 个 动 词 的 形 式一般现在时be(是)动词；现在某些时态和语态的助动词be一般过去时be(是)动词；过去某些时态和语态的助动词be一般现在时have(有)动词；现在完成时态的助动词have一般现在时行为动词和助动词do实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）其他各时态语态的谓语动词记住：主语

19、、谓语单复数必须保持一致。Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)单数形式am(单一);are(单二);is(单三);was(单一);were(单二);was;(单三)have(单一);have(单二);has(单三);do(单一、单二);does(单三)原形动词(单一、单二);动词+s/es(单三)单复数形式相同复数形式arewerehavedo原形动词(6)一般问句和反义疑问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：The Olympic Games i

20、s held every other year,isnt it?-Yes,it is(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？-是的。)3、宾语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如：The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语)He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公

21、司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语)They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)I think to be a childrens doctor is very good.(我认为当个儿童医生是很好的。)(从句作宾语)(2)只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。第 5 页Listen to the radio.(listen 不是及物动词,故加 to

22、。)Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)(3)宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see?(他看见了什么？)What does he write a letter with?(他用什么写的信？)With what does he write a letter?(他用什么写的信？)(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes awa

23、y.(请把鞋子收起来。)Please put away the shoes.(请把鞋子收起来。)Please put them away.(请把它们收起来。)(5)动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help.(他常常帮我。)动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用 to(take,bring,give,hand,lend),但动词是 do,pay,sing,make,buy,时,介词用 for,borrow,hear 介词及 from如：Please make me a kite.(请给我做个

24、风筝。)或 Please make a kite for me.(6)在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用 it 做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult.(我发觉这个工作相当难做。)I found it rather difficult to do the job.4、表语：(1)说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。)Th

25、e rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。)He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。)Who is it?(谁呀？)(2)表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,taste,smell,sound,become,turn,get,grow,feel,seem)之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。第 6 页(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：Its I.(Its me.)是我。(4)只能作表语的形容

26、词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested 等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)Please make no noise here;the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。)I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。)I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只

27、有我才这样想的。)5、定语：句子的定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、形容词性物主代词、数词、名词、不定式、现在分词、介词短语、从句等均可作定语。定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的的)1.形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面)They have a clever son.I have something important to tell you.2.名词作定语:Is it a color film?名词作定语一般用单数形式,如:school bus,ticket office,paper flowers但也有例外,如:sports meeting,clothes sho

28、pman 和 woman 修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如:men drivers,women doctors3.代词作定语:This song is better than that one.4.数词作定语:There are only thirty students in our class.带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时,其中的名词要用单数形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5.介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后):The students in our class like swimming.例如：I ha

29、ve a black cat.The man over there is my father.第 7 页My cat is white and yours is black.注意：当形容词修饰不定代词 something,anything,everything,nothing 作定语时，要放在不定代词的后面。6、状语：句子的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、程度、方式等，通常由副词、介词、介词短语动词、动词不定式以及从句来充当。例如：Wang Fang was doing her homework carefully.He ran the fastes

30、t in the first group.1.副词作状语:The old man is walking slowly.表方式 The boy is very clever.表程度2.介词短语作状语:I have lived in Shanghai for five years.表时间3.不定式作状语 I come here to see you.表目的4.现在分词作状语 The teacher came in,holding a book in his hand.表方式5.状语从句Well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow.注意：多个状语相连时,一般

31、先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜 22 点 3 刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)状语的位置1.在一般情况下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six,but this morning I got up at eight.3.表频度的副词通常用于句中,如 always,

32、usually,often,hardly,never,用于行为动词前,be 动词、助动词和情态动词后I usually get up early.He is often late.第 8 页一些副词,如 already,once,just,soon,yet,still,nearly,almost,really,suddenly,certainly 等用法相似两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1.地点状语在前,时间状语在后.We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2.较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr.Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd

33、.,Suzhou,Jiangsu.3.一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语,其顺序大都是:程度副词,方式副词,地点副词,时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首,表示强调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I read the newspapers in the morning,but yesterday I read them in the evening.7、宾语补足语：(1)补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：Ca

34、ll him Jim,please.(请叫他 Jim。)I tried my best to make him happy.(我竭尽所能让他开心。)Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow.(请他明天来。)He let the smaller animals bring food to him.(他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2)部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Let him in,I tell you!(我跟你说,让他进来！)Please put it away.(请把它收起来。)句子成分和词性的关系句子成分和词性的关系句中的位置句中的位置句首主语

35、后谓语后第 9 页和词性的基本关系和词性的基本关系名词、代词动词名词、代词句子成分句子成分主语谓语宾语表语系词后词做定语放被修饰部分前面，短形容词定语语、句子放被修饰部分后面状语补语灵活（句首、句中、句尾）宾语后形容词副词名词、形容词等英语词类及句子成分关系图英语词类及句子成分关系图：句子 成分主语*词类或短语名词代词形容词数词时态语态形式动动词不定式动名词动词现在分词词动词过去分词副词介词短语宾语补足语谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*注释 1、“”表示某种词类可以可以充当某个成分,“”表示某种词类经常经常充当某个成分,“”表示某种词类最经常最经常充当某个成分。“”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。2

36、、“*”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。句子成分之间关系句子成分之间关系句子主干：主、谓、宾。句子主干：主、谓、宾。替补：定、状、补。替补：定、状、补。表语在系动词后表语在系动词后注意：注意：1.主谓在人称、数方面保持一致。2.定语修饰主语、宾语、表语。3.补语放在宾语后面，形式比较多。4.状语位置灵活，（可在句中、句首、句尾）youcrossactchildlaugh4.The boy wants to be an _ just like Jackie Chan.5.Tony,believe _ and you are sure to succeed.6.We c

37、ouldnt help _ after we watched Zhao Benshans funny performance.第 10 页7.You are supposed to look around when you walk _ the street.8.Chocolate is usually the _ favorite food.请根据句意，选用方框中合适的词，并用其适当形式填空，使句子通顺，每词限用一次。请根据句意，选用方框中合适的词，并用其适当形式填空，使句子通顺，每词限用一次。（20092009 年中考）年中考）choose excited close ninety sle

38、epmonkeyhim1.The children clapped and screamed _ when they saw their favorite characters.2.Finally,we had no _ but to give up the plan before the enemies arrival.3.The talk was so boring that many of us felt _while listening to it.4.After chatting on the Internet for a year,Dora and I get much_ to e

39、ach other than before.5.Hi,Amy!I have passed my driving test!Congratulations!I hope Tom can pass _,too.6.I saw five little _ jumping in the hill when I visited the zoo last month.7.People in the _ of the last century liked to wear this kind of hairstyle.简单句的五大句型简单句的五大句型英语句子看上去成千上万，但认真分析不外乎五个基本句式。这五个

40、基本句式可以演变多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：简单句五种基本句型：只有一个主语简单句五种基本句型：只有一个主语(或并列主语或并列主语)和一个谓语和一个谓语(或并列谓语或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。的句子叫简单句。1.S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构2.S 十 V 主谓 结构3.S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构4.S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构5.S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语（指人）；O2直接宾语（指物）；C宾语补足语S S 十十 V V 十十 P P 主系表结构主

41、系表结构这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，常见的系动词有：be(是),get(变得),become(成为),turn(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎)等。如：第 11 页 He became a famous doctor.S V P他成为了一名著名的医生。The apple pie tastes really delicious.S V P苹果派吃起来真是好吃。S

42、S 十十 V V 主谓主谓 结构结构这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，如：The children are playing happily.S V孩子们正在高兴地玩。S S 十十 V V 十十 O O 主谓宾结构主谓宾结构这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词1)常用-ing 形式,而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy,finish,feel like,consider,practice,keep,suggest,mind 等。例如：She enjoys reading novels and swimming.I finished reading the book

43、 last night.2)常用不定式，而不用-ing 形式作宾语的动词有：wish,hope,agree,plan,decide,refuse 等。例如：Where do wish to sit?Tom agreed to lend some money.3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing 形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember,forget 等。例如：Please remember to post the letter for me.请记住替我发了这封信。I remember posting the letter.我记得那封信寄过了。Stop 的用法同上面的词

44、相仿，不过 stop 后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：He stopped to smoke.他停下来吸烟。He stopped smoking.他停止吸烟了。4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing 形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like,love,hate,begin,start,continue 等。例如：I like to swim in summer.I like swimming in summer.第 12 页如：The Greens enjoy living in China.S V O格林一家喜欢住在中国。S S 十十 V V 十十 O

45、1O1 十十 O2O2 主谓双宾结构主谓双宾结构这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词 for 或 to。1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如：Please pass me a cup of tea.=Please pass a cup of tea to me.Show me your new book,please.=Please show your new book t

46、o me.2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词 to,有时加介词 for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give,tell,sell,lend,show 之后加 to。在动词 buy,make,get 等之后加 for。例如：Would you lend me your dictionary,please?=Would you lend your dictionary to me,please?Toms mother bought him a pair of new shoes.=Toms mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.如：

47、My aunt bought me a computer.S V O1 O2=My aunt bought a computer for me.我阿姨买给我一台电脑。S V O2 O1 I passed him the salt.S V O1 O2=I passed the salt to him.S V O2 O1我把盐递给他。S S 十十 V V 十十 O O 十十 C C 主谓宾补结构主谓宾补结构这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，及宾语一起即构成复合宾语1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：We call

48、him Jack.Dont get your hands dirty.2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing 形式作宾语补足语表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程；用-ing 形式作宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如：I heard him sing that song.(我听他唱过那首歌。)第 13 页When I came back,I heard him singing in the room.(我回来时，听见他正在房间里唱歌。)3)在感官动词 see,hear,feel,watch,listen to,look at使役动词 let,make,ha

49、ve等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去 to。但变为被动句时，省去的 to 要加上。例如：I saw him go into the room.He was seen to go into the room.如：We must keep our school clean.S V O C我们必须保持我们的学校清洁。注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。（China an

50、d other countries并列主语）Mr.Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。搭配课堂训练题搭配课堂训练题划分下列句子的成分。1.I often hear him sing this song.2.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.3.Jims box is the heaviest of all.4.I received some Christmas cards from my pen pals.5.It is impossible to i