高中英语语法的教案归纳.pdf

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1、高中英语语法的教案归纳高中英语语法的教案归纳高中英语语法的教案归纳bsp;be backfall asleep/go to sleep be asleep1.他已出去了。他出去了好几个小时了。2.他已睡着了。睡着了好一会儿了。、make sure/be sure 表示“采取措施以保证”之意时，从句中的时态用一般时或完成时。1.Make sure that you(turn)off the light when youleave.离开时务必关灯。2.Make sure that you(finish)the work before six.务必在六点前完毕工作。3.The hunter held

2、 his hand tightly to be sure that hedidnt bow,either.那位猎人紧握他儿子的手，以使他也不低头鞠躬。、在时间状语或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时或现在完成时表示一般将来时，一般过去时或过去完成时表示过去将来时。1.Tell him about that when he(e).2.His daughter wont go to bed until she(finish)herhomework.3.We would get into trouble as soon as the gas(run)out.little,no,some,等修饰。I hav

3、e read all the book(that)you gave me.4)先行词被 the only,the very,the same,the last 修饰时。He is the only person that I want to talk to.5)先行词既有人又有物时。They talked of things andpersons that they remembered in the school.先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用 that(which),否那么用 where。This is the house where he

4、lived last year.This is the house that(which)he visited last year.用 no soonerthan 和 hardlywhen 引导的从句表示“刚就”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词 had 提到前面。例如：Hardly had I enteredthe room when I heard a loud noise.代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Here it is.Here he es.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。South of the city lies a big

5、 steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.表语置于句首时,倒装构造为“表语+连系动词+主语”。Present at the meeting were Professor White,ProfessorSmith and many other guests.Gone are the days when they could do what they liked tothe Chinese people.Among the goods are Christmas trees,flowers,candlesand toys.He

6、has been to Beijing.So have I.Li Wei cant answer the question.Neither can I.用于省略 if 的虚拟条件状语从句。Had you reviewed yourlessons,you might have passed the examination.3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如：Pretty as she is,she is not clever.Try as he would,he might fail again.如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。Child

7、 as he was,he had to make a living.用于 no soonerthan,hardlywhen 和 not until 的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.用于 never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,at no time,not only,not once 等词开头的句子。Never shall I do this again.Little did he know who the woman was.6.用于以 only 开

8、头的句子(only 修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.Only in this way can you master English.Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he wasin.如果 only 后面的词组不是状语,那么不用倒装。Only Wang Ling knows this.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you sueed!祝你成功!stomachstomachs，a Germanthree Germans,an Americantw

9、o Americans，man cook-men cooks;papers 报纸,文件 manners 礼貌 drinks 饮料in a word 简言之?in other words 换句话说have words with 与某人吵嘴have a few words(a word)with sb.与某人说几句话The crowd were running for their lives某些集体名词,如 people,police,cattle 等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。The police are searching for him.d that she(should)stay

10、in bed for a few days.He demanded that we(should)start right away.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的构造“(should)动词原形”。例如：We all agreed to hissuggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea is that we(should)do exercises first.在 feel,h

11、ear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make 等词后的补足语中,不定式不带 to。但是这些句子如果变成被动构造时,就必须带 to。例如：I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式动词在介词 but,except,besides 后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带 to,否那么要带 to.如：She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides

12、 swim?I have no choice but to go.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.There/It is no use/good/not any use/good/uselessdoing sth.动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate,avoid,co

13、nsider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest,cant help,cant stand(无法忍受)等。I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里。)I tried doing it again.(我试着又干了一次。)mean to do 有意.mean doing 意味着.I mean to e early today.(我打算今天早些来

14、。)Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)allow,advise,forbid,permitWe dont allow smoking here.We dont allow studentsto smoke.动词 need,require,want 作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,假设表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：The window needs(requires,wants)cleaning(to becleaned).在短语 devote to,look fo

15、rward to,pay attention to,stick to,be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse mefor 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：I look forward to hearingfrom you soon.Badly polluted,the water cannot be drunk.(原因)Being written in haste,the position is full ofmistakes.(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)Having been deserted by his guide,he co

16、uldnt findhis way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)Asked to stay,I couldnt very well refuse.这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked,也可能意味着when/since I was asked,但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：Covered with confusion,I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。United,we stan

17、d;divided,we fall.团结那么存，分裂那么亡。He used to live in London,use(d)nt he/didnt he?There used to be a cinema here before the war,use(d)nt there/didnt there?Such things ought not to be allowed,ought they?He ought to be punished,oughtnt he?但在正式文体中,用 ought we not 形式。例如:We ought to go,ought we not?或 We ought

18、to go,shouldwe not?含有情态动词 must 的句子表示推那么,作“想必”解时,疑问局部不可用 mustnt。假设前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问局部用arent(isnt)十主语,例如：You must be tired,arent you?假设陈述局部的 must 表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句局部那么用neednt。例如：You must go home right now,neednt you?当 mustnt 表示制止时,附加疑问局部一般用 must。如：You mustnt walk on grass,must you?前句谓语动词是 must have过去分词时,假设

19、前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问局部的谓语动词用 didnt主语;假设前句强调动作的完成,疑问局部的谓语动词用havent(hasnt)主语,例如：He must have met her yesterday,didnt he?You must have seen the film,havent you?陈述句谓语局部出现否认词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问局部仍用否认构造。例如:He is unfit for his office,isnt he?如果陈述局部包含有 no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing 等否认或半否

20、认词时,疑问局部用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?如果陈述局部的主语为 everyone,someone,no one 等不定代词,其疑问局部的主语可用 he,也可用 they。Everyone knows his job,doesnt he?Everyone knows their job,dont they?No one was hurt,were they?Im late,arent I?One cant be too careful,can one(you)?Have a cup of tea,will you?Lets go there

21、,shall we?Let us go there,will you?同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的详细内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有 fact,news,promise,idea,truth 等。连接词用 that(不用 which)及连接副词 how,when,where,why等。例如：His delay is due to the fact that the car went wronghalfway.The news that our team has won the match is true.She asked the reason why there was a

22、delay.关联词只能用 whether 不能用 if 表示“是否”的情况如下:A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B)在主语从句中,只有用 it 作形式主语时,whether 和 if 都能引导主语从句,否那么,也只能用 whether。例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt beendecided yet.It hasnt been d

23、ecided whether(if)we shall attend themeeting.C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如：It all depends(on)whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E)后面紧接 or not 时。We didnt know whether or not she was ready.F)引导让步状语从句,只能用 whether。Whether you like it or not,you must do it well.G)用 if

24、 会引起歧义时。例如：Please let me know if youlike it.该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了 whether 就可以防止。在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：1)先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything 等。All that we have to dois to practise every day.2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotte

25、n.3)先行词被 all,any,every,each,few,主谓一致常考难题：Five minutes is enough to do this exerciseEach boy and each girl wants to serve the people infutureMore than one student has seen the film.Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More members than one are against your plan.一些有两个局部构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式：

26、glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,passes,chopsticks,scissors 等。但如果主语用 a kind of,a pair of,a series of 等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was onthe desk并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policyThe girls teacher and friend is a young doctorTo love and to

27、 be loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.当主语后面跟有 as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to 等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:The teacher

28、as well as the students was excitedThe room with its furniture was rentedA(great)number of 修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;agreat deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。关系代词 who,that,which 等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names hereSome of the energy that is used b

29、y man es from thesun季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。1/2 one(a)half 1/4 one(a)quarter形容词的顺序：系动词 be，grow，get，bee，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain 限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、上下等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table某些以 a-开首的

30、形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake,alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly,timely 等。1)close 接近地 closely 仔细地，密切地2)free 地 freely 自由地,无拘谨地3)hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不4)late 晚，迟 lately 近来5)most 极,非常 mostly 主要地6)wide 广阔地，充分地 widely 广泛地7)high 高 highly

31、高度地，非常地8)deep 深，迟 deeply 抽象意义的“深”9)loud 大声地 loudly 大声地(含有喧闹的意思)10)near 邻近 nearly 几乎bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least表示一方不及另一方时，用“less原级than”的构造表示：This room is less beautiful than that one表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比拟级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far,yet,by far 等修饰：He works even

32、 harder than before注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比拟级时,一般放在比拟级的后面,如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.某些以-or 结尾的形容词进展比拟时，用 to 代替 than。superior，junior，senior 等。He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics在比拟从句中为了防止重复通常用 that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词

33、。that 指物，one 既可指人，也可指物。that 可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而 one 只能代替可数名词。例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that onthe deskA box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood表示倍数的比拟级有如下几种句型:A is three(four,etc.)times the size(height,length,width,etc)of B.The new building is four times the size(the

34、 height)ofthe old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。高三倍A is three(four,etc.)times as big(high,long,wide,etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。A is three(four,etc.)times bigger(higher,longer,wider)than B.例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。表示“

35、最高程度”的形容词，如 excellent，extreme，perfect 等，没有最高级，也不能用比拟级。如果复数名词前有 many、few，不可数名词前有 much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用 so 而不用 such。如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue allover.Mr White got so little money a month that he couldhardly keep body and soul together.但 little 不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用 such。如:They are

36、such little children that the they cannotclean the house by themselves.6)almost 与 nearly在 very,pretty,not 后用 nearly,不用 almost。例如：Im not nearly ready.在 any,no,none,never 前用 almost,不用 nearly。例如：I almost never see her.need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否认句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用 must,have to,ought to 或 should代替。例如：You

37、neednt e so early.Need I finish the work today?Yes,you must.注意：neednt have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如：You neednt have waited for me.“should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。You should have started earlier.“ought to have done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。You ought to have helped him(but you didnt)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。表示感觉,

38、愿望和状态的某些动词如 have,be,hear,see,like 等词一般不用进展时。有些动词形式上是主动构造,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和well,easily 等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook 等。例如：The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。在动词 arrange,mand,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest 等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如：We suggested that we(should)have a meeting.We insisted that they(should)go with us.The doctor ordere